2. Water-Soluble Vitamins Water soluble Readily excreted – expensive urine Can be lost from food by cooking/storage Typically work as part of enzymes in metabolism Relatively high absorption rate Severe deficiencies rare Vitamins – Niacin, Thiamine, Folic Acid, Riboflavin, B12, and C.

3. Enrichment Act of 1941 and 1998 Milling of rice, wheat, oats, etc… significantly reduces nutritional quality Whole grains contain original nutrients Enrich with thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, iron Enriched grains still deficient in B-6, magnesium and zinc

4. Thiamin Destroyed by alkaline and heat Coenzyme: Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) Absorbed in the jejunum by a carrier-mediated system Transported by RBC in the blood Deficiency Beriberi Weakness, nerve degeneration, irritability, poor arm/leg coordination, loss of nerve transmission Edema, enlarge heart, heart failure

5. Food Sources of Thiamin Wide variety of food White bread, pork, hot dogs, luncheon meat, cold cereal Enriched grains/ whole grains Thiaminase found in raw fish 1.1 mg/day for women 1.2 mg/day for men Most exceed RDA in diet Surplus is rapidly lost in urine; non toxic