1. Benthic Communities living along the bottom of the ocean

2. The Producers Seaweeds –multicellular algae or macroalgae Flowering Plants

3. Seaweeds Have blades, stipes, holdfasts, gas bladders Entire body is called the thallus Classified based on pigments

5. Fig. 14-2b, p. 285

6. Seaweeds Green Algae- Chlorophyta –Only chlorophyll, No accessory pigments –Ex: Sea lettuce

8. Seaweeds Brown Algae- Phaeophyta –Chlorophyll & Brown/Yellow accessory pigments –Ex: rockweed, kelp

10. Seaweeds Red Algae - Rhodophyta –Chlorophyll & Reddish accessory pigments –Most numerous –Can live in deeper waters

12. Flowering Plants Seagrasses –Eel grass (Zostera) –Form large meadows –Support large community

14. Flowering Plants Mangroves –Trees, never completely submerge –Arching prop roots Support the trees Protect other species Slow currents

16. Fig. 14-5, p. 287

17. Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish (pelagic), sea anemones, corals

18. Phylum Cnidaria

19. Phylum Cnidaria - CORAL

20. Coral Reefs Corals –Are animals (Cnidarians) –Small (ant-sized) polyps live in large colonies –Hermatypic corals secret a calcium carbonate skeleton…the reef

22. Coral Reefs Zooxanthellae –Dinoflagellate that lives within the coral polyp –A mutualism –Algae provide food, speeds up calcium carbonate deposition & get nutrients in return

23. Coral Reefs Hermatypic Coral’s ideal habitat is 5-10 m (16-33 ft) depth & temperatures warmer than 21 o C (70 o F)

24. Fig. 14-12, p. 294

25. Symbiosis the co-occurrence of two species in which the life of one is closely tied with the life of another

26. Symbiosis Three types –mutualism (++) Anemone fish, cleaner shrimp, zooxanthellae –commensalism (+0) Pea crabs, remoras & shark, whale barnacles –parasitism (+-) Roundworms, etc.

28. Figure 10 p.221

32. Other Benthic Animals: Phylum Mollusca 3 Main groups –Gastropods (snails & slugs) & Bivalves (oysters, clams, mussels) are benthic –Cephalopods: octopus = benthic, squid = pelagic

34. Phylum Mollusca

35. Fig. 14-7, p. 289

36. Phylum Mollusca

37. Phylum Arthropoda - Crustaceans Crabs, lobster, shrimp, barnacles

38. Fig. 14-CO, p. 282

39. Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea

40. Phylum Arthropoda - Crustaceans Most successful animal group Jointed appendages Exoskeleton - chitin –Must molt

41. Phylum Echinodermata Sea stars, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea urchins

43. Fig. 14-4, p. 287

44. Phylum Echinodermata

45. Phylum Echinodermata Radially symmetrical as adults Water vascular system –Serve in feeding and locomotion –Tube feet

47. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Species Interact in Ecosystems