1. Demand Response Automation in Appliances and Equipment Research Affiliate, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Rish Ghatikar Vice President, Greenlots

2. Outline 1.Context for Demand Response Automation 2.R&D and Findings 3.Path Forward 2

3. Context for Demand Response Automation* California Energy Commission’s (CEC) mandatory Buildings Energy Efficiency Standards (Title 24) Similar to energy savings, demand savings accumulate each year Focus on efficiency cost savings to CA’s energy customers (Over $75 billion in reduced electricity bills, since 70s) DR requirements first appeared in 2008 T24 (Expected to deliver demand savings of 132 MW each year) Requirements for non-residential DR and automation in lighting controls, HVAC controls, and sign lighting using standardized DR signal. Expected to reduce the annual electricity consumption by about 613 GW, and peak demand by 195 MW CA’s mandatory 2013 Title 24 effective from July 1, 2014 * Ghatikar G., E.H.Y Sung, and M.A. Piette, Diffusion of Automated Grid Transactions Through Energy Efficiency Codes, ECEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency, France, June 2015. LBNL-6995E. 3

4. Title 24 and Demand Response Automation Context 2005 Title 24: Proposal for the 2015 code cycle were evaluated using Time Dependent Valuation (TDV) 2008 Title 24: The first time the DR measures appeared in Title 24. The language not clear on the need for AutoDR. 2013 Title 24: AutoDR and standards requirements were explicitly defined. Immediate need to allow electricity equipment to provide more flexible demand as the electric system changes with more intermittent renewable supply systems Revisions to code approved Future code changes First Building Energy Efficiency Code Adopted 2016 Code Change 197519851980200019901995201020052015202020252030 Warren- Alquist Act 4

5. LBNL Demand to Grid (D2G) Lab: Residential Appliances, Thermostats, Plug-load Meters and HAN EquipmentFunctions Communication Technologies Washer, Dryer, Refrigerator, Water Heater, Thermostat, Lighting, Displays, Gateways, and Meters DR modes, communication interfaces to smart meters, data analytics, security ZigBee, Wi-Fi, Ethernet, Smart Energy Profile, OpenADR (future) Key Features 1.Energy consumption data and analytics visualization; demonstration test bed for appliance integration with the grid 2.Plug-load meters installed for 10-second frequency data and 1-minute averaged visualization (except water heater) 5

6. LBNL Demand to Grid (D2G) Lab: Residential Appliances, Thermostats, Plug-load Meters and HAN Appliance Low Rate LevelHigh Rate LevelCritical Rate Level Power (W) % Load ReductionPower (W)% Load Reduction Washer36022039%6083% Dryer5000150070%30594% Refrigerator503040%1570% Rate Lavel ApplianceLowMediumHighCritical Washer Normal Operations and no reaction to pricing information Normal operations and no reaction to pricing information In High Mode: The start of the cycle will be delayed. Cold wash recommended if manually overridden In critical mode. Duty cycle wash and heater are reduced by 50% Dryer “EP” on display. Delay start, recommend reduced heat (Energy Saver) if you override. If running, complete cycle in reduced heat mode (Energy Saver) The heater power is reduced to 0% for 20 minutes Refrigerator Will raise freezer temp by 5 degrees and put the refrigerator in delay defrost mode. Turbo cool feature is disabled. Critical mode would disable the electric sweat heaters Hybrid Electric Water Heater “Eco Head Mode” is displayed on the screen. Calrod electric heater is disabled. Lower set point to 110ºF. Will display “Eco Heat Mode” on the screen Lower set point to 100ºF. “Eco Heat Mode” on display 6

7. HVAC Systems, Appliances and Equipment – OCST Defines standards-based messaging protocol Joint Appendix 5 - Technical Specifications for Occupant Controlled Smart Thermostats (OCST) Parts about communication architecture and techniques are not written in an intuitive language for market mechanisms for customer interoperability and eliminate stranded assets Requires self certification by vendors, which is a big problem for grid interoperability * ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements Product Specification for Residential Refrigerators and Freezers Eligibility Criteria Version 5.0 Connected Refrigerator/Freezer System Boundary* Communication device(s), link(s) and/or processing that enables open standards-based communication between the Connected R/F System and Energy Management Device/Application(s). These elements could be within the base appliance, and/or an external communication module, a hub/gateway, or in the internet/clod. Energy Management Device/application Connected R/F System might exchange data with one or more: Smart meter Hems/Hub/Gateway Internet/Cloud Application Other Device or Application Internal Protocols (open or proprietary) Protocol Translation Open Standard Protocol Connected Refrigerator w/External Communications Connected Refrigerator w/Ixternal Communications 7

8. Interoperable Communication Architectures* Gonzalez A., H. Hauenstein, G. Ghatikar, and P. Eilert, Unlocking the Smart Grid through Building Codes and Communication Standards: Code Opportunities to Increase DR Transactions, ACEEE Summer Study, June 2014. LBNL-6984E. DOI 10.13140/2.1.4638.5443 Certified AutoDR Server Certified AutoDR Client(s) LogicLoad Facility Secure Standards Certified AutoDR Server Certified AutoDR Client(s) LogicLoad Third-party Certified AutoDR Client(s) Certified AutoDR Server Secure Standards Direct communication between DR service provider’s server and facility’s client In-direct communication, through a third- party, server and facility’s client Standards-based communication between Certified AutoDR Client/Server 8

9. Interoperable Communication Architectures* Asset reuse to foster ubiquitous technology adoption for various retail and wholesale DR market participation Gonzalez A., H. Hauenstein, G. Ghatikar, and P. Eilert, Unlocking the Smart Grid through Building Codes and Communication Standards: Code Opportunities to Increase DR Transactions, ACEEE Summer Study, June 2014. LBNL-6984E. DOI 10.13140/2.1.4638.5443 Demand Responsive Controls (Centralized HVAC, Lighting Control and OCST) Access to DR Signals Smart Meters Demand Responsive Controls Energy Management Control Systems Internet/Cloud applications Third-party Providers (Aggregators) AutoDR Customer AutoDR Capable Equipment AutoDR Provider Physical Interface Logical Interface (Secure) 9

10. Analogy to Electric Vehicle Deployments Integrated development and demonstration is necessary for large-scale deployment of EVs, to lower EV/EVSE costs, and enable grid participation Electric Vehicles (Battery and Plug-in Hybrid EV) need two levels of standardization: 1.Between EV and EV supply equipment (EVSE), and EVSE networks (e.g., OCPP) 2.Between EV/EVSE and electricity service provider (e.g., smart charging for dynamic pricing) SAE J1772 Level-1 and Level-2 Coupler SAE J1772 Combo Charging Standard, CHAdeMO, and Tesla (DC) 10

11. Findings from Technical Analysis* * Ghatikar, G., V. Ganti, M. A. Piette, J. Page, S. Kiliccote, And C. McParland (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), And D. Watson (Slice Energy, Inc.); Demonstration And Results Of Grid Integrated Technologies At The Demand To Grid Laboratory (D2G Lab): Phase 1 Operations Report. 2013. LBNL-6368E Huge potential to improve 2013 Title 24 AutoDR definitions of terms, guidelines, and acceptance testing criteria for the controls and equipment subject to Title 24 compliance acceptance testing Significant demand savings from pre-programmed strategies Consider application of lessons to appliances and electric equipment Enablement interoperable demand responsive controls in appliances and equipment that can automatically respond to external DR signals and to provide customer choice Low-cost automation through diffusion Results added value of home area (automation) networks (HAN) to consumers, utility, generators, and regulators 11

12. Path Forward AutoDR standards and acceptance test requirements should be clear, consistent, easily understood – and expanded (e.g., appliances, EVs) Need a stronger framework for “standards based messaging protocol,” based on national standards for DR/DER (e.g., OpenADR 2.0 and SEP 2.0) Engage industry as a key stakeholder to develop and demonstrate grid interoperability, and market facilitation that benefit customers Feedback to improve DR program design and develop code language Accessible and understandable education and training programs, and intuitive tools for code-compliance checking should be provided 12

13. Rish@greenlots.com http://greenlots.com Rish Ghatikar

14. AutoDR Terms and Definitions from 2013 T24 is a signal sent by the local utility, Independent System Operator (ISO), or designated curtailment service provider or aggregator, to a customer, indicating a price or a request to modify electricity consumption, for a limited time period. The DR Signal attributes and requirements shall be specified within the messaging protocol utilized by the utility or other entity selected by the occupant. “including but not limited to Smart Energy Profile (SEP), OpenADR or others defined in the Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP) Catalog of Standards (CoS) or as defined by the occupant’s information update service or DR service provider.” is a kind of control that is capable of receiving and automatically responding to a DR signal. is a type of event response and refers to the period of time during which electricity loads are modified in response to a DR signal. is a type of event response and refers to the utility or entity to send a signal or message to occupant’s system to provide pricing information to occupant and initiate DR Control for DR Period utilizing a DR Signal. Demand Response Signal Demand Responsive Control Demand Response Period Price Signal Standards-based messaging protocol 14