1. How Life Started

2. Early Earth

3. membrane-bound proto-cells living cells
self-replicating system enclosed in a
selectively permeable, protective lipid sphere
DNA
RNA
enzymes and
other proteins
formation of
protein-RNA systems,
evolution of DNA
lipid spheres
spontaneous formation of lipids,
carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins,
nucleotides under abiotic conditions

4. electrodes
to vacuum pump
spark
discharge
CH4
NH3
H2O H2
gases
water out
condenser
water in
water droplets
water containing
organic compounds
boiling water
liquid water in trap

5. Figure 14.4(1) Page 224
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6. Archaebacterial
Lineage
Ancestors of Eukaryotes
Noncyclic pathway
of photosynthesis
Origin of
Prokaryotes
Cyclic pathway of
photosynthesis
Eubacterial Lineage
Aerobic respiration
3.8
3.2
2.5
billion years ago

7. origin of mitosis, meiosis
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Extreme halophiles
Methanogens
Extreme thermophiles
origins of animals
EUKARYOTES
Animals
origins of eukaryotes
origins of fungi
Fungi
Heterotrophic protistans
origin of mitosis, meiosis
Photosynthetic protistans
Photosynthetic protistans
endosymbiotic origins of mitochondria
Plants
origins of plants
endosymbiotic origins of chloroplasts
EUBACTERIA
Oxygen-producing
photosynthetic eubacteria
Other photosynthetic
eubacteria
Heterotrophic and
chemoautotrophic eubacteria
1.2
billion years
ago
900
million years
ago
435
million years
ago

8. cytoplasm with ribosomes
DNA in nucleoid
pilus
bacterial flagellum
outer capsule
cell wall
plasma membrane

9. coccus
bacillus
spirillum

10. Bacterium before
DNA replication
DNA replication
begins
DNA replication
completed

11. cell-wall material deposited
Membrane growth moves
DNA molecules apart
New membrane and
cell-wall material deposited
Cytoplasm
divided in two
Stepped Art

12. molecular origin of life
to ancestors of
eukaryotes
EUBACTERIA
ARCHAEBACTERIA
spirochetes
extreme
halophiles
methanogens
Gram-positive bacteria
chlamydias
cyanobacteria
proteobacteria
extreme
thermophiles
molecular origin of life

13. Representative habitat for methanogens
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14. Representative habitat for extreme thermophiles
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15. Representative habitat for extreme halophiles
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16. Figure 14.8d Page 228
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17. Figure 14.10b Page 229
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18. Figure 14.11 Page 229 Spirochete that causes Lyme disease Deer ticks
Typical rash
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19. Endospore developing inside a cell of Clostridium tetani
Figure Page 230
spore coat
Endospore developing inside a cell of Clostridium tetani
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20. In-text Figure Page 230
Berkeley Pit Lake
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21. Figure 14.13 Page 231 ? branch leading to plants
branch leading to fungi
branch leading to animals
charophytes
green algae
Stramenopiles
amoeboid protozoans
Alveolates
brown algae
red algae
ciliates
chrysophytes
sporozoans
oomycotes ?
dinoflagellates
“crown” of eukaryotes (rapid divergences)
slime molds
euglenoids
kinetoplastids (e.g., Trypanosoma)
parabasalids
(e.g., Trichomonas)
diplomonads
(e.g., Giardia)
endosymbiotic origins from prokaryotic ancestors

22. Influenza virus
A herpes virus
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23. viral protein
lipid envelope (derived from host)
viral coat (proteins)
viral RNA
reverse transcriptase
enveloped virus (HIV)

24. DNA
protein coat
complex virus
sheath
base plate
tail fiber

25. viral RNA
protein subunits
of coat
polyhedral virus
helical virus

26. Lysis of host cell is induced; infectious particles escape.
Lytic Pathway
Tail fibers and other parts are added to coats.
Virus particles bind to wall of suitable host. Viral genetic material enters cell cytoplasm.
Viral protein molecules are assembled into coats; DNA is packaged inside.
Viral DNA directs host machinery to produce viral proteins and viral DNA.

27. Viral DNA usually becomes integrated into the bacterial chromosome.
Lysogenic Pathway
Viral DNA is excised from chromosome and cell enters lytic pathway.
Prior to prokaryotic fission, the chromosome and integrated viral DNA are replicated.
After binary fission, each daughter cell will have recombinant DNA.

28. * Includes pneumonia, influenza, and whooping cough.
** Includes amoebic dysentery, cryptosporidiosis, and gastroenteritis.
500,000
1 million
Bacteria
Tetanus
200 million
Virus
Hepatitis B
Viruses
Measles
2.6 million
5.6 million
Virus (HIV)
AIDS
2.5–2.7 million
110 million
Sporozoans
Malaria
3.1 million
9 million
Tuberculosis
1.8 billion
Bacteria, viruses, protozoans
Diarrhea**
4.7 million
1 billion
Bacteria, viruses
Acute respiratory infection*
Disease
Estimated Deaths
per Year
Estimated New
Cases per Year
Main Agents
Table 14.1  The Eight Deadliest Infectious Diseases
Table 14.1 Page 245

29. HIV, agent of AIDS Agent of SARS
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