1. 1 CS294-8: Research Seminar on Communications to the eXtreme David E. Culler, Randy H. Katz CS Division, EECS Department University of California, Berkeley Spring 2000

2. 2 Agenda Revolutions in Computing and Communications Convergence, Competition, Divergence Information Appliances Deeply Networked Systems

3. 3 Agenda Revolutions in Computing and Communications Convergence, Competition, Divergence Information Appliances Deeply Networked Systems

4. 4 Technology as a Process Integration: What we can build into a system Innovation: breakthrough technologies Time Capability For deeply networked systems, system architecture currently lags technology

5. 5 Historic Perspective Technology discontinuities drive new computing paradigms, applications, system architectures E.g., Xerox Alto –3Ms--1 mips, 1 megapixel, 1 mbps –Fourth M: 1 megabyte of memory –From time sharing to LAN-connected client-server with display intensive applications What will drive the next discontinuity? What are the new metrics of system capability? –This seminar: deeply networked systems –eXtreme Devices: the small, the large, the numerous

6. 6 What’s Important: Shifts in Technology Metrics Display (human-computer interface) –More ubiquitous I/Os (e.g., MEMS sensors & actuators) and modalities (speech, vision, image) –How to Quantify? Connectivity (computer-computer interface) –Not bandwidth but “scaled ubiquity” –Million accesses per day Computing (processing capacity) –Unbounded capacity & utility functionality (very high mean time to unavailable, gracefully degraded capability acceptable

7. 7 What is Needed? Automatic Self-Configuration –Personalization on a Vast Scale –Plug-and-Play The OS of the Planet –New management concerns: protection, information utility, not scheduling the processor –What is the OS of the Internet? TCP plus queue scheduling in routers Adapts to You –Protection, Organization, Preferences by Example

8. 8 Technology Changes & Architectural Implications Zillions of Tiny Devices –Proliferation of information appliances, MEMS, etc. “Of course it’s connected!” –Cheap, ample bandwidth –“Always on” networking Vast (Technical) Capacity –Scalable computing in the infrastructure –Rapid decline in processing, memory, & storage cost Adaptive Self-Configuration Loosely Organized “Good Enough” Reliabilty and Availability Any-to-Any Transducers (dealing with heterogeneity, over time--legacy--and space) Communities (sharing)

9. 9 Agenda Revolutions in Computing and Communications Convergence, Competition, Divergence Information Appliances Deeply Networked Systems

10. 10 Evolution of the Computer Eniac, 1947 Telephone, 1876 Computer + Modem 1957 Early Wireless Phones, 1978 First Color TV Broadcast, 1953 HBO Launched, 1972 Interactive TV, 1990 Handheld Portable Phones, 1990 First PC Altair, 1974 IBM PC, 1981 Apple Mac, 1984 Apple Powerbook, 1990 IBM Thinkpad, 1992 HP Palmtop, 1991 Apple Newton, 1993 Pentium PC, 1993 Red Herring, 10/99

11. 11 Evolution of the Computer Pentium PC, 1993 Atari Home Pong, 1972 Apple iMac, 1998 Pentium II PC, 1997 Palm VII PDA, 1999 Network Computer, 1996 Free PC, 1999 Sega Dreamcast, 1999 Internet-enabled Smart Phones, 1999 Red Herring, 10/99 Convergence, Competition, Divergence in Computing and Communications

12. 12 Evolution vs. Revolution: Devices in the eXtreme Evolution Information Appliances: Scaled down desktops, e.g., CarPC, PdaPC, etc. Evolved Desktops Servers: Scaled-up Desktops, Millennium Revolution Information Appliances: Many computers per person, MEMs, CCDs, LCDs, connectivity Servers: Integrated with comms infrastructure; Lots of computing in small footprint Display Keyboard Disk Mem  Proc PC Evolution Display Camera Smart Sensors Camera Smart Spaces Computing Revolution WAN Server, Mem, Disk Information Utility BANG! Display Mem Disk  Proc

13. 13 Telecomm/Connectivity: Access Networks, Cable, DSL, Satellites, Wireless AT&T, UUnet Server and Software “Platforms”: Corba/Java, NT/Symbiant/Asperios, NOW Ninja, e”speak, AIN/ICEBERG, … Microsoft, Sun, Compaq, RealNetworks, Akaimi,... Terminal Equipment: PCs, Smart Phones, Game Consoles, Information Appliances, Set-top Boxes, E-Toys Dell, Ericsson, Sony Convergence, Competition, Diversity Implications: –Shift from computer design to consumer design –Heterogeneous “standards,” hybrid networking –Interactive networking, access on demand, QoS

14. 14 Agenda Revolutions in Computing and Communications Convergence, Competition, Divergence Information Appliances Deeply Networked Systems

15. 15 Information Appliances Universal Devices vs. Specialized Devices –E.g., Swiss Army Knife vs. Butcher, Butter, Steak, Bread knife Different design constraints based on intended use, enhances ease of use –Desktop PC –Mobile PC –Desktop “Smart” Phone –Mobile Telephone –Personal Digital Assistant –Set-top Box –Digital VCR –...

16. 16 Industry Shifts Implications of PCs as commodity –Increasingly narrow profit margins Some Reactions: –Intel: recent strategic acquisitions focus on owning silicon for communications, networking, signal processing, multimedia PLUS network services –Sun: focus on infrastructure servers (clusters, RAID storage)--JAVA/JINI sells more server processing and storage –HP: focus on non-desktop “information appliances”, e.g., HP CapShare Portable E-copier

17. 17 Fast Projected Growth in Non-PC Terminal Equipment Red Herring, 10/99 19982002 0 15 45 60 30 Millions Units Shipped All Non-PC Information Appliances Videogame Consoles Internet TVs Smart Phones

18. 18 Home Networking Red Herring, 10/99 Power Line Bridge Internet Gateway Wireless Bridge Appliance Web Pad TV Camera Power Line Carrier (PLC) Phone Line (HomePNA) Phone Jack Power Outlet HomeRF, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 IrDA HAVi X10 Home API Universal Plug & Play (uPnP) DSL Cable Modem Satellite Heterogeneous devices, standards Distributed intelligence Plug and play, self-configuration, adapt on the fly Connectivity according to device’s needs

19. 19 Who Will Own the System Software of the 21st Century? Sony versus Microsoft Interactive Television –Set-top Box OS: Aperios, WinCE, something else –Sony/GI alliance –7.8 million units sold in 2002 Direct Broadcast Satellite Television –TVs with built-in satellite receivers –14 million units sold in 2002 “Smart” Phones –Sony and Microsoft involved in numerous phone alliances –6.8 million units sold in 2002 Video Games –Sony Playstation (Aperios) vs. Sega Dreamcast (WinCE) –18.5 million units sold in 2002 Electronic Toys –Microsoft Barney (WinCE) vs. Sony robot pets (Aperios) –$1.86 billion in sales in 2002

20. 20 Agenda Revolutions in Computing and Communications Convergence, Competition, Divergence Information Appliances Deeply Networked Systems

21. 21 Deeply Networked Systems “Everything” is networked –Even very small things like sensors and actuators –Explosion in the number of connected end devices Processing moves towards the network edges –Protocol stack plus some ability to execute mobile code in network end devices Processing moves towards the network core –Services executing inside the network

22. 22 Truly eXtreme Devices: Pister’s Dust Motes COTS RF Mote –Atmel Microprocessor –RF Monolithics transceiver »916MHz, ~20m range, 4800 bps –1 week fully active, 2 yr @1% N S EW 2 Axis Magnetic Sensor 2 Axis Accelerometer Light Intensity Sensor Humidity Sensor Pressure Sensor Temperature Sensor

23. 23 COTS Dust - Optical Motes Laser mote 650nm laser pointer 2 day life full duty CCR mote 4 corner cubes 40% hemisphere

24. 24 Concept of Operations

25. 25 Virtual Keyboard Interfaces for people with Disabilities?

26. 26 Representative Research Challenges in Deeply Networked Systems Embedded/Networked Systems –Support for deeply networked systems and mobile code –OS services in support of sensor/actuator I/O –Low-latency feedback across software component boundaries –Tuning of performance and configuration at runtime –Runtime support for networked, embedded systems Sensor Information Technology –Large Scale Distributed Micro Sensor Networking –Fixed and Mobile Internetworking –Collaborative Signal Processing –Nano-cryptography