1. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Skeletal system

2. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Table of Contents 1.Objectives for this lesson 2.Functions of the Skeletal System,Types of Bones and Their Classification. 3.Axial Skeleton and the Bones of the Skull, Vertebral Column, Thoracic Cage, Sacrum and Coccyx. 4.Appendicular Skeleton, the Bones of the Upper Limb and Bones of the Lower Limb. 5.Types of Joints ( Immovable, Slightly Movable and Freely Movable ). 6.Diseases of the Skeletal System in Brief.

3. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Objectives When you finish this lesson, you should be able to Describe the Functions of the Skeletal System, Types of Bones and Their Classification. Define the Axial Skeleton and Identify the Bones of the Skull, Thoracic Cage, Vertebral Column,Sacrum and Coccyx. Define the Appendicular Skeleton and Identify the Bones of the Upper and Lower Limb. Define and Identify the Types of Joints with Examples. Understand the Diseases of the Skeletal System.

4. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Support- framework that supports body and cradles its soft organs Protection- for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain Movement- bones act as levers for muscles Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate Blood cell formation

5. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Long Bones- metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula Short Bones- carpals, tarsals Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial bones Sesamoid- patella

6. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body

7. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body ANATOMY OF LONG BONES

8. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body AXIAL SKELETAL DEFINITION  Axial skeletal is the central skeleton of the body it includes 1.SKULL 2.THORACIC CAGE 3.VERTEBRAL COLUMN 4.SACRUM AND COCCYX

9. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body

10. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body BONES OF SKULL Bones of skull are basically flat bones they includes 1.Frontal bone 2.Parietal 3.Temporal bone 4.Occipital bone 5.Zygomatic 6.Nasal 7.Maxilla 8.Mandible

11. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body

12. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Posterior View

13. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body THORACIC CAGE

14. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body RIBS

15. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRUE AND FALSE RIBS 1 ST to 7 th ribs are true ribs as they are directly attached to sternum by costal cartilage. 8 th,9 th and10th ribs are false ribs as do not have their own separate costal cartilage instead they join to sternum by costal cartilage of upper ribs. 11 th and 12 th ribs are floating ribs as they do not attached to sternum at all.

16. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2) Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2) The Thoracic Cage

17. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body STERNUM  Sternum is also called chest bone  It has Three parts 1.Manubrium 2.Body 3.Xiphoid process

18. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF STERNUM  Lower half of sternum is the place for doing CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSITATION

19. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body VERTEBRAL COLUMN Bones of vertebral column are irregular type of bones,they includes 1.CERVICAL 2.THORACIC 3.LUMBER 4.SACRUM AND COCCYX

20. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx The Vertebral Column

21. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Cervical Vertebrae

22. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body

23. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body

24. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body SACRUM The sacrum is a large, triangular bone, situated in the lower part of the vertebral column.

25. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body COCCYX Coccyx is the last part of axial skeleton. It is present at the lower border of sacrum. It has a shape like spine.

26. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Sacrum & Coccyx

27. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body APPENDICULAR SKELETON Bones of the upper limb and lower limb forms the appendicular skeleton. Upper limb bones are 1.Clavicle 2.Scapula 3.Humerus 4.Radius 5.Ulna

28. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body APPENDICULAR SKELETON 6. Carpals 7. Metacarpals 8.Phalanges BONES OF THE LOWER LIMB 1.Pelvic bone 2. Femur 3.Patella 4.Tibia 5.Fibula

29. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body APPENDICULAR SKELETON 6.Tarsals 7.Metatarsals 8.Phalanges

30. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body

31. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

32. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Humerus Ulna Radius 8 Carpals 14 Phalanges 5 Metacarpals

33. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body

34. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body

35. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body

36. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Pelvic Girdle

37. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Ischium Ilium Acetabulum Pubis Ischium Obturator foramen Pelvic Girdle (lateral view)

38. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Male Pelvic Girdle Female Pelvic Girdle

39. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Patella The Lower Limb (Legs) Femur Tibia Fibula 5 Metatarsals 14 Phalanges 7 Tarsals

40. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body

41. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body

42. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body

43. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body metatarsals phalanges tarsals metatarsals phalanges tarsals

44. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Immovable Joints (synarthrosis) suture pubis symphisis

45. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body Slightly Movable Joint (ampharthrosis)

46. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body femur ligaments pelvis (diarthrosis)- freely moveable

47. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body

48. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body