1. Ashish Goel Stanford University http://www.stanford.edu/~ashishg Joint work with Len Adleman, Holin Chen, Qi Cheng, Ming-Deh Huang, Pablo Moisset, Paul Rothemund, Rebecca Schulman, Erik Winfree 1 0 1 00 0 11 11 11 11 0 011 Algorithmic Self-Assembly at the Nano-Scale Counter made by self-assembly [Rothemund, Winfree ’00] [Adleman, Cheng, Goel, Huang ’01] [Cheng, Goel, Moisset ‘04]

2. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 2 Molecular Self-assembly  Self-assembly is the spontaneous formation of a complex by small (molecular) components under simple combination rules  Geometry, dynamics, combinatorics are all important  Inorganic: Crystals, supramolecules  Organic: Proteins, DNA  Goals: Understand self-assembly, design self-assembling systems  A key problem in nano-technology, molecular robotics, molecular computation

3. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 3 A Matter of Scale Question: Why an algorithmic study of “molecular” self- assembly specifically? Answer: The scale changes everything  Consider assembling micro-level (or larger) components, eg. robot swarms. Can attach rudimentary computers, motors, radios to these structures. robot swarms Can now implement an intelligent distributed algorithm.  In molecular self-assembly, we have nano-scale components. No computers. No radios. No antennas. Need local rules such as “attach to another component if it has a complementary DNA strand”  Self-assembly at larger scales is interesting, but is more a sub- discipline of distributed algorithms, artificial intelligence etc.

4. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 4 The Tile Model of Self-Assembly [Wang ’61]

5. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 5 Synthesized Tile Systems – I  Styrene molecules attaching to a Silicon substrate  Coat Silicon substrate with Hydrogen  Remove one Hydrogen atom and bombard with Styrene molecules  One Styrene molecule attaches, removes another Hydrogen atom, resulting in a chain  Suggested use: Self-assembled molecular wiring on electronic circuits [Wolkow et al. ’00]

6. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 6 Synthesized Tile Systems - II A DNA “rug” assembled using DNA “tiles” The rug is roughly 500 nm wide, and is assembled using DNA tiles roughly 12nm by 4nm (false colored) (Due to Erik Winfree, Caltech)

7. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 7 Rothemund’s DNA Origami A self-folded virus!!

8. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 8 Abstract Tile Systems  Tile: the four glues and their strengths  Tile System:  K tiles Infinitely many copies available of each tile  Temperature   Accretion Model:  Assembly starts with a single seed tile, and proceeds by repeated addition of single tiles e.g. Crystal growth  Are interested primarily in tile systems that assemble into a unique terminal structure [Rothemund and Winfree ‘00] [Wang ‘61]

9. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 9 Is Self-Assembly Just Crystallization?  Crystals do not grow into unique terminal structures  A sugar crystal does not grow to precisely 20nm  Crystals are typically made up of a small number of different types of components  Two types of proteins; a single Carbon molecule  Crystals have regular patterns  Computer circuits, which we would like to self-assemble, don’t  Molecular Self-assembly = combinatorics + crystallization  Can count, make interesting patterns  Nature doesn’t count too well, so molecular self-assembly is a genuinely new engineering paradigm. Think engines. Think semiconductors.

10. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 10 DNA and Algorithmic Self-Assembly We will tacitly assume that the tiles are made of DNA strands woven together, and that the glues are really free DNA strands  DNA is combinatorial, i.e., the functionality of DNA is determined largely by the sequence of ACTG bases. Can ignore geometry to a first order. Trying to “count” using proteins would be hell  Proof-of-concept from nature: DNA strands can attach to “combinatorially” matching sequences  DNA tiles have been constructed in the lab, and DNA computation has been demonstrated  Can simulate arbitrary tile systems, so we do not lose any theoretical generality, but we get a concrete grounding in the real world  The correct size (in the nano-range)

11. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 11 A Roadmap for Algorithmic Self-Assembly  Self-assembly as a combinatorial process  The computational power of self-assembly  Self-assembling interesting shapes and patterns, efficiently Automating the design process?  Analysis of program size and assembly time  Self-assembly as a chemical reaction  Entropy, Equilibria, and Error Rates  Reversibility  Connections to experiments  Self-assembly as a machine  Not just assemble something, but perform work  Much less understood than the first three

12. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 12 Can we create efficient counters?

13. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 13 Can we create efficient counters? Yes! Eg. Using “Chinese remaindering” T=2

14. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 14 Can we create efficient counters? Yes! Eg. Using “Chinese remaindering” T=2

15. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 15 Can we create efficient counters? Yes! Eg. Using “Chinese remaindering” T=2

16. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 16 Yes! Eg. Using “Chinese remaindering” T=2 Can we create efficient counters?

17. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 17 Can we create efficient counters? Yes! Using “Chinese remaindering” T=2

18. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 18 Can we create efficient counters? Yes! Eg. Using “Chinese remaindering” T=2 Generalizing: Say p 1, p 2, …, p k are distinct primes. We can use  i p i tiles to assemble a k £ (  i p i ) rectangle.

19. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 19 Molecular machines

20. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 20 Strand Invasion

21. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 21 Strand Invasion

22. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 22 Strand Invasion

23. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 23 Strand Invasion

24. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 24 Strand Invasion

25. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 25 Strand Invasion

26. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 26 Strand Invasion

27. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 27 Strand Invasion

28. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 28 Strand Invasion

29. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 29 Strand Invasion

30. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 30 Strand Invasion

31. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 31 Strand Invasion

32. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 32 Strand Invasion

33. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 33 Strand Invasion

34. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 34 Strand Invasion

35. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 35 Strand Invasion

36. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 36 Strand Invasion

37. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 37 Strand Invasion

38. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 38 Strand Invasion

39. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 39 Strand Invasion

40. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 40 Strand Invasion (cont) Strand Invasion

41. Ashish Goel, ashishg@stanford.edu 41 Strand Invasion