1. Applications for Renewable Energy Presentation by: Alison Ernst, Matt Ball, JP Dolphin, Pim Dangkulwanich, Will Liew, Deshira Wallace & Nick Millar

2. Overview Background Design Criteria Evaluation Materials Budget

3. Problem Statement Design system that uses wind energy to power brackish water desalination system without electricity Applicable to: -Developing countries Arid or Semi-Arid regions

4. Criteria: Wind Turbine Low Cut-in Speed Easy to Maintain Easy to Construct Reliable Low Cost Longevity Torque Output

5. Evaluation: Wind Turbine

6. The Design: Wind Turbine Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) Drag-type Device

7. The Design: Wind Turbine S-RoterDouble-hook Source: Modiet al, 1983Source: Alexander et al, 1978

8. Criteria: Pump Simple Construction Ease of Maintenance Low Cost Reliability High Pressure Output

9. Evaluation: Pump FeatureExternal Gear Pump Peristaltic Pump Internal Gear Pump Vane Pump Axial Piston Pump Plunger Pump Pressure (f 1 )131111 Flow rate (f 2 )232222 Cost (f 3 )112231 Ease of maintenance (f 4 ) 211331 Ease of constructability (f 5 ) 322322 Necessary wind speed (f 6 ) 233222 Control simplicity (f 7 ) 312232 Noise (f 8 )321232 1=Best2=Good3=Bad

10. Evaluation: Pump VariableWeighing Factor Pressure (f 1 ) 0.9 Flow rate (f 2 ) 0.7 Cost (f 3 ) 0.7 Ease of maintenance (f 4 ) 0.4 Ease of constructability (f 5 ) 0.4 Necessary wind speed (f 6 ) 0.4 Control simplicity (f 7 ) 0.4 Noise (f 8 ) 0.2

11. The Design: Pump Objective function (Z 2 )= 0.9f 1 +0.7f 2 +0.7f 3 +0.4f 4 +0.4f 5 +0.4f 6 +0.4f 7 +0.2f 8 Goal: minimize Z 2 External Gear Pump: Z 2 EG =7.6 Peristaltic Pump: Z 2 P =8.7 Internal Gear Pump: Z 2 IG =7.1 Vane Pump: Z 2 V =8.1 Axial Piston Pump: Z 2 AP =9 Plunger Pump: Z 2 PP =6.2

12. The Design: Pump Advantages: Few moving parts Proven technology Plunger Pump Double-action Plunger Pump

13. Evaluation: Membrane Primary desalination technologies: –Electro-dialysis –Mechanical Vapor Compression –Reverse Osmosis

14. Evaluation: Membrane CriterionImportanceCellulosic Aromatic Polyamide Thin Film Composite Rejection of organics301 Rejection of low molecular weight organics3011 Water flux501 pH tolerance101 Temperature stability3001 Oxidant tolerance41 Compaction tendency5 1 Biodegradability41 Cost510 316Plusses 343Minuses 0-33Sum 4-157Wt Sum Pugh Decision Matrix: Membrane Material

15. The Design CriterionImportanceTubularFlat Sheet Spiral Wound Ease of maintenance411 Tendency to fouling3100 Pretreatment Requirement310 Cost501 212Plusses 111Minuses 101Sum 26Wt Sum Pugh Decision Matrix: Membrane Structure

16. Design: Membrane Thin Film Composite Spiral Wound –Commercially available –Ultra-low pressure membranes in development

17. Considerations: Membrane Choose membrane from manufacturer –Determine exact operating pressure –Determine flow rates –Decide on number of membranes –Get approximate costs Aim for ultra-low pressure

18. Considerations: Membrane Select pretreatment –Filter out suspended solids –Prevent microbial growth on RO membrane –Activated carbon, sand filters Refine post-treatment –Chlorine to prevent later microbial growth –Determine dosing Consider disposal of brine stream

19. Schedule

20. Materials Bench scale: Wind Turbine Aluminum Flashing Plywood Steel Shaft (~.5” diameter) 2 sets of bearings (ball) Aluminum angle Epoxy Rivets Membrane Low-pressure RO membrane Pre-treatment Filter Piping Pump System Pre-made plunger system Gearing system

21. Budget SystemItemCostQuantityTotal Cost Turbine Aluminum Flashing$113$33 Steel Shaft$51 Plywood$101 Bearings$122$24 Aluminum Angle$102$20 Epoxy$51 Pump Plunger Pump$301 or 2$60*Variable Piping (PVC)$2/ft10 ft$20 Gear System$761 *Variable Membrane Pre-treatment Filter?1 RO Filter?1 SUB TOTAL$253

22. References Alexander, A. J., & Holownia, B. P. Wind tunnel tests on a savonius roter. Journal of Industrial Aerodynamics, 1978, Retrieved January 24, 2009, from https://wiki.duke.edu/download/attachments/13373206/Loughborough+report.pdf. Ackermann, T., Soder, Lennart (2002). "An overview of wind energy-status 2002." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 6: 67-128. Elimelech, M., Zhu, X., Childress, A.E., Hong, S. (1997). “Role of membrane surface morphology in colloidal fouling of cellulose acetate and composite aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membranes.” Journal of Membrane Science, 127, 101-109. Eltawil, M., Zhengming, Zhao, Yuan, Liqiang (2008). Renewable Energy Powered Desalination Systems: Technologies and Economics-State of the Art. Twelfth International Water Technology Conference, Alexandria, Egypt. "Hydrostatic Pumps". Hydraulic Equipment and Tools Marketplace. Hydraulic Equipment Manufacturers. Retrieved 25 Jan 2009, from http://www.hydraulic-equipment-manufacturers.com/hydraulic-articles1.html. “Integrated Wind Energy/Desalination System” (2006). GE Global Research. NREL SR-500-39485. Johnson, G. L. (2001). Wind Energy Systems. Manhattan, KS, Prentice-Hall. 2. Krivchenko, G. (1994). Hydraulic Machines: Turbine and Pumps. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Leighton, C. W. H., Martin, D.D., Lindemann, W.C. (1983). “Inability of Microorganisms To Degrade Cellulose Acetate Reverse- Osmosis Membranes”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 45, 418-427. Liu, C.C.K., et al. “Experiments of a prototype wind-driven reverse osmosis desalination system with feedback control.” Elsevier. Desalination 150 (2002) 277-287.

23. References Lonsdale, H. K., Merten, U., Riley, R.L. (1965). Transport Properties of Cellulose Acetate Osmosis Membranes. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 9, 1341-1362. Loopwing Co. (2008). "Loopwing Characteristics." Retrieved January 22, 2009, from http://www.loopwing.co.jp/en/entop.html. Lopez-Ramirez, J. A., Coella Ovieda, M.D., Quiroga Alonso, J.M. (2006). Comparative studies of reverse osmosis membranes for wastewater reclamation. Desalination, 191, 137-147. Modi, V. J., Roth, N. J., & Fernando, M.S. Optimum configuration studies and prototype design of a wind-energy-operated irrigation system. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 16, Retrieved January 24, 2009 “Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment” (2001). Water Systems. Retrieved January 19, 2009, from http://www.aquatechnology.net/reverse_osmosis.html Singh, R. (2005). “Introduction to Membrane Technology”. Hybrid Membrane Systems for Water Purification. Colorado Springs, CO, Elsevier. Thompson, M., Miranda, M. (2000). “Theory, testing and modelling of a Clark pump.” CREST, Loughborough University of Technology, UK. Wagner, J. (2001). Membrane Filtration Handbook: Practical Tips and Hints (2nd ed.). Minnesota: Osmonics, Inc.