1. Run Time Type Information, Binary files

2. RTTI – why? Problem: Up-casting works fine. –Treating sub-class as base class Shape * s = new Circle(); What about down-casting? –might not be safe ! –correctness cannot be determined by the compiler. Circle * c = (Circle*) s; Shape Line Circle

3. RTTI RTTI – Run Time Type Information Mechanisms for RTTI: 1.dynamic_cast operator 2.typeid operator (and type_info class)

4. The ‘dynamic_cast‘ operator dynamic_cast (expression) u Enables run-time type checking:  returns a valid pointer if “expression” is of type “T”  Null pointer 0 otherwise u Cast of a reference type throws an exception when it fails (“bad_cast”)

5. Dynamic_cast : example Shape* s = container.pop(); Circle* c = dynamic_cast (s); if (c) { // c is a circle c->doSomething(); else handle(); //handle unexpected event Note: the actual type of “ s ” is not mentioned! –Can be any sub-class of Circle.

6. Example Shape s; Circle c; Line l; ThinLine tl; Shape* arr[4] = {&s, &c, &l, &tl}; for ( int i=0; i<3; i++ ) { Line * pl = dynamic_cast ( arr[i] ); pc? cout << “cast ok\n” : cout << “cast fail\n”; } Shape LineCircle Output: cast fail // Shape to Line cast fail // Circle to Line cast ok // Line to Line cast ok // ThickLine to Line ThickLine

7. dynamic_cast - more dynamic_cast (expression) Note: u Used only on pointer or reference types. u Can be used for up-cast, down-cast u and also for cross-cast (out of this scope) u Only for types with virtual-functions (“Polymorphic types”) u These object have a space for the information about the type: the virtual function table

8. dyn_cast: only for polymorphics void foo(Shape * s, Time * t) { Circle * c = dynamic_cast ( s ); //ok Date * date = dynamic_cast ( t ); //error } class Circle : public Shape { virtual void draw(); … } class Date : public Time { …// Time has no virtual functions }

9. Static Cast Used when the compiler cannot assume anything about the memory pointed to by a void*. This implies that dynamic cast cannot cast from a void*. For that, a static cast is needed. R* f(void *p) { S ps = static_cast (p); } //trust the programmer.

10. RTTI : typeid operator Obtains info about an object/expression usage: typeid( obj ) (like “sizeof”) Example: Dog d; Cat c; cout << “d is a “ << typeid(d).name() << “,” << “c is a “ << typeid(c).name() <<endl; Output: d is a Dog, c is a Cat typeid() returns a reference to a standard library type called type_info defined in.

11. type_info class typeid(expression) returns an object of the type_info class. e.g. type_info& ti = typeid(d); class type_info { public: bool operator==( type_info const&)const; char const* name() const; … private: type_info( type_info const&); //prevent copying type_info& operator=( type_info const& ); }

12. RTTI misuse void rotate( shape const& s ) { if (typeid(s) == typeid(Circle) ) //do nothing else if (typeid(s) == typeid(Triangle) ) //rotate Triangle else if (typeid(s) == typeid(Rectangle) ) //rotate Rectangle … } Use virtual functions (polymorphism) when you can ! VERY common misuse of RTTI

13. Binary files

14. Leading example: image files Images are stored as matrices of numbers (Pixels). Here, we deal with gray-scale images (“black and white”) 8 bits per pixel –i.e. each pixel between 0 and 255 0 is white, 255 is black, others are gray 255 0 0 0 100

15. storing images How can we store images on files? For each image we want to store: –width//integer –height//integer –number of bits per pixel//short –the pixels//matrix of integers Requirements: read/write easily, save space, save computation, etc.

16. storing images First try: text files (like you did so far) width = 3 height = 2 bits_per_pixel = 8 255, 0, 0 0,255,100 “myImg.txt” cons: u long u needs parsing (e.g. atoi for numbers) pros: u readable by humans u easy to edit u but who handles images like that?

17. Binary files Better solution: Binary files u Save the data the way the computer holds it pros: u Smaller u No parsing (faster) u Widely used ! u For example: BMP files, other data cons: u hard to read for humans u Machine dependant

18. Images as binary files 3 2 8255 00 0 100 width 2 bytes [0,…,0,0,1,1] height 2 bytes [0,…,0,0,1,0]

19. Images as binary files 3 2 8255 00 0 100 bits per pixel 1 byte [0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0]

20. Images as binary files 3 2 8255 00 0 100 pixel 1 byte [1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1] pixel 1 byte [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]

21. Binary files 3 2 16 255 0 0 0 0 bits per pixel now value 16

22. Example: writing a binary file Pixel pixs[30]; int width = 100, height = 150; short bitsPerPix = 16; binary open for writing ofstream outfile; outfile.open(“pic.raw", ios::bin | ios::out); outfile.write(&width, sizeof(int)); outfile.write(&height, sizeof(int)); outfile.write(&bitsPerPix, sizeof(short)); outfile.write(pixs, 30*sizeof(Pixel)); outfile.close(); ostream& write( char const* str, streamsize n);

23. Learn by yourselves: c++ casting (see slides ahead and Stroustrup 15.4 and more)

24. c++ style casting At the beginning c++ supported two styles of casts: –(typename)expression –typename(expression) Instead there are now four new casting operators: –static_cast (expression) –const_cast (expression) –reinterpret_cast (expression) –dynamic_cast (expression)

25. The 'static_cast operator Works where implicit conversion exists –standard or user-defined conversion –up-casts Safer that “old-style” casts –e.g. won’t cast int* to float* Failure causes a compiler error –No dynamic checking is done! int i = static_cast (12.45); static_cast (expression)

26. The ‘const_cast'operator Is used to remove (or add) const -ness: void g(C * cp); void f(C const* cp) { g(const_cast (cp)); } Usually, you should design your variables/methods such that you won’t have to use const_cast. Failure causes compiler errors const_cast (expression)

27. ‘ reinterpret_cast'operator Is used to reinterpret byte patterns. double d(10.2); char* dBytes = reinterpret_cast (&d); Circumvents the type checking of c++. Very implementation-dependent. Rarely used. !Very dangerous ! reinterpret_cast (expression)