1. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 1 November 14-15, 2009, Cornwall Fest @ UCLA In Pursuit of CP Violation, and more

2. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 2 I. Intro: Why are we here? II. The B Factories, the KM Nobel — and the Shortfall III. NTUHEP and its Exploits sin 2  B s  A K  IV. A Prediction of sin 2  B s a priori — from   A K   V. A Eureka Moment : Heavenly CPV !? VI. In Pursuit of CP Violation, and more Outline

3. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 3 I. Intro: Merging of Exp & TH Why are we here? Why are we here?

4. Matter ! Matter Matter (?) Antimatter: 0%

5. CPV & BAU: The Sakharov View Bang Us 13Byr Baryon Number V iolation CP Violation Deviation from Equilibrium Pair Annihilation (  CMB   ’ s ) 10 -9 Matter left ! Equal Matter -Antimatter (1967) Why are we here?

6. Discovery Discovery of CP Violation Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 138 (1964) Sakharov Stimulated by... 1980 Nobel

7. CP Asymmetry needs both CP Conserv/Violating Phase Particle Anti Particle CP Violation Primer QM i iCPV

8. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 8 Complex Dynamics: KM Sector of SM Unitary 3x3 “Rotation” CPV Need to be Nontrivial for CPV ► ► djdj uiui WW –WW – JJ g V ij W Wolfenstein parametrization 3 Generations Needed 1973

9. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 9 II. The B Factories, the KM Nobel, and the Shortfall

10. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 10 The Two B Factories Mt. Tsukuba PEP- II KEKB Belle BaBar Differ only in PID DIRC vs Aerogel Cherenkov + ToF Tag Flavor

11. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 11 Purpose of B Factory Measure sin2    via TCPV in B → J/  K S How did this all come about ?

12. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 12 CP conserv. A : Decay Amplitude M 12 : Mixing Amplitude A M 12 Ā CPV in Mixing-Decay Interference T-dep. CPV Primer B0B0 B0B0 B 0  B 0 Oscillations: e i  m t M 12 CPV in Mixing-Decay Interference B B Interference of Two Types of Phases CPV V*2V*2 td “Double Slit”

13. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 13 CP Asymmetry needs both CP Conserv/Violating Phase Particle Process Anti Particle Process CP Violation Primer  2 =  m t  2 =   arg V td TCPV:

14. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 14 A =  C for BaBar : Mass Difference : CP Eigenvalue of final state f : state at time  t from at  t = 0 : 1 CPV Phase in Mixing Measure Time-dependent CPV (TCPV) Asymmetry DCPV Carter-Sanda; Bigi-Sanda 1980-81

15. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 15 a big boost !

16. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 16 The Two B Factories Mt. Tsukuba PEP- II KEKB Belle BaBar Differ only in PID DIRC vs Aerogel Cherenkov + ToF Tag Flavor Asymmetric Energy ! P. Oddone, 1987

17. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 17 One B Decay Tag Flavor Other B Decay CP Eigenstate Measure Both Decay Vertex J/yK S, p + p -, h ’ K S, fK S, K S p 0 2001 ! Belle B decays in ~ picosecond The $1B Question: Mixing-dep. CPV in B → J/yK S  z   t B 0 or B 0

18. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 18 b  d transitions consistent with SM KM Phase Confirmed by Experiment ~ 2001 Area ≠ 0 1964

19. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 19 "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics" discoverorigin "for the discovery of the origin of the predict broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 Photo: Universtity of ChicagoPhoto: KEK Photo: Kyoto University Yoichiro Nambu Makoto KobayashiToshihide Maskawa 1/2 of the prize 1/4 of the prize USA Japan Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) Tsukuba, Japan Kyoto Sangyo University; Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan b. 1921 (in Tokyo, Japan) b. 1944 b. 1940 CP Violation in SM 7 October 2008 B Factories (BaBar & Belle)

20. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 20 CPV CPV so far only observed in KM... Nontrivial CPV Phase Nontrivial All like-charge quark pairs nondegenerate, Otherwise  Back to 2-gen. and CPV vanish. CPV Jarlskog Invariant (1985) for CPV CPV iff J 

21. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 21 CPV in KM B.A.U. from CPV in KM ? The Lore. Normalize by T ~ 100 GeV Masses too Small ! WMAP Jarlskog Invariant in SM3 (need 3 generation in KM) is common (unique) area of triangle in SM CPV Phase Small, but not Too small Too Small in SM EW Phase Transition Temperature ~ v.e.v.

22. Why Repeat ? “Flavor Problem” v.e.v. u, d, s, c, b quarks too light BAU   the Shortfall : KM misses BAU by at least  ...

23. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 23 III. NTUHEP and its Exploits

24. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 24 The Two B Factories Mt. Tsukuba PEP- II KEKB Asymmetric Energy ! P. Oddone, 1987 Inadvertantly lead to my return to Taiwan in 1992

25. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 25 I Intro Sprinkling of Flavor/CPV — “Heaven on Earth” 12 II Entrance: Hardware 6 Taiwan Belle III Science Output from Taiwan Belle Rare Decays Direct CPV 4 TCPV 5 Offshoots /Discovery 6 Prowess 4 Hints for New Physics, IV Hints for New Physics:  S, Dh / ppKDh / ppK S f / VV pol. Objective... a dramatic “Career Doubling” — founder/pusher of NTUHEP Built EFC Participate SVD2 ~ 20% of all Belle papers ! Observed ! AA TCPV could not have planned this

26. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 26 Strategy: Rare Decays Direct CPV Part of motivation for starting T-Belle is Density of B-phenomenologists — Hai-Yang Cheng (AS) Xiao-Gang He (NTU) (recruited as part of build-up Chao-Qiang Geng (NTHU) Hsiang-nan Li (AS) (built-up in the process Kwei-Chou Yang (CYCU) (trained thru process Chuan-Hung Chen (NCKU) ( ” ” Chung-Kiang Chua (AS) ( ” ” and myself... Guess what, IS Our specialty IS — Rare Decays and Direct CP Violation Have theorists, want experimentalists !

27. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 27 My CPV Internship a few remarks...

28. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 28 becoming semi-expert Bander-Silverman-Soni phase/mech. 1979 Invitation by Roberto

29. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 29 PSI B Project died 2 weeks after I arrived...

30. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 30 I Intro Sprinkling of Flavor/CPV — “Heaven on Earth” 12 II Entrance: Hardware 6 Taiwan Belle III Science Output from Taiwan Belle Rare Decays Direct CPV 4 TCPV 5 Offshoots /Discovery 6 Prowess 4 Hints for New Physics, IV Hints for New Physics:  S, Dh / ppKDh / ppK S f / VV pol. Objective... a dramatic “Career Doubling” — founder/pusher of NTUHEP Built EFC Participate SVD2 ~ 20% of all Belle papers ! Observed ! AA TCPV could not have planned this

31. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 31 Crowning: Rare Decays Direct CPV hh modes became “ours” since 2003

32. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 32 Tree Penguin Interference CPV Phase N.B. Would need also CP Conserving Phase Difference K   modes: Main Mine for DCPV Recall  D  ~ 30 , so  K  ,    likely

33. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 33 Highlight of 2004 2005 Conf., “4.97  ”

34. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 34 K: 1964 1999 CP Violation History Mixing(-dep.) Direct B: 2001 2004 DCPV TCPV

35. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 35 sin 2  B s  A K  IV. A Prediction of sin 2  B s a priori — from   A K  

36. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 36 Belle 2008 〈 Nature 〉 : Simple Bean Count   A = A K       A K      =  0.164  0.037 4.4   0.07  0.03 vs  0.094  0.020 Difference Is Large ! Exp. Established Belle + BaBar (+ CDF) b → s CPV And Not Predicted !

37. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 37 Unexpected !

38. ICHEP 2004, Beijing A CP (B  K    ) A CP ( K    ) = 0.04  0.05  0.02 275M BB New K    : 728  53 Large EW penguin (Z 0 ) ? New Physics ? [also seen by BaBar] _d_d d  KK u u BB sb Sakai Saga Towards Belle Nature Paper... hint that A CP ( K    )  A CP ( K    ) ? (2.4  )

39. ICHEP 2004, Beijing P EW Z ’ Belle 2004 PRL: Seed by “yours truly” Y. Chao, P. Chang et al.

40. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 40 _d_d d  KK u u BB sb, t ’, t ’ WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRL’ 05 LO PQCD ⊕ 4th Gen.   A  12% vs 15% (data)   A = A K  +     A K  +    ~ 15% and, t ’, t ’

41. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 41

42. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 42 arXiv:0712.2397 [hep.ex] arXiv:0802.2255 [hep.ex] Further ICHEP’08 Updates (CDF/DØ/fitters) : Strengthen ! sin 2  B s ~  0.5 -  0.7 WSH, Nagashima, Soddu, PRD’07 arXiv:0803.0659 [hep.ph] UTfit Incredible !!! sin 2  B s   0.64   0.16  0.14 3.7  ~2.8   ± ? (already in 05) PRL’08 PRL’08 2.1 Summer ’09

43. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 43 V. A Eureka Moment : Heavenly CPV !? Mind broadened by writing 《 Nature 》

44. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 44 WMAP CPV in KM B.A.U. from CPV in KM ? Why? Jarlskog Invariant in SM3 (need 3 generation in KM) Normalize by T ~ 100 GeV masses too small ! is common (unique) area of triangle in SM CPV Phase Too Small in SM

45. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 45 Only fac. 30 in CPV per se ~ 10  15 Gain Gain mostly in Large Yukawa Couplings (Masses) ! Nature would likely use this !? WMAP CPV in KM B.A.U. from CPV in KM ? If shift by One Generation in SM4 (need 3 generation in KM) WSH, arXiv:0803.1234 [hep/ph] Providence Enough CPV? Too Small in SM 1,2,3 2,3,42,3,4

46. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 46 VI. In Pursuit of CP Violation, and more CPV for the Universe

47. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 47 sin 2  B s “Evidence” by 2010 ? “Observe” by 2011 ? t ’ Search Ongoing: m t ’ > 311 GeV @ 95% CL Tevatron sin 2  B s “Confirmation” — “Easy” for LHCb b ’, t ’ Discovery — Straightforward/full terrain LHC Glimpse of agenda at CMS Tevatron/LHC Verification Unequivocal BSM... if true But when ? m b ’ > 325 GeV @ 95% CL

48. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 48 Analysis Status: 4 Papers (PAS) F. Ambroglini, P. Bartalini, L. Fano’, R. Field Kai-Feng Chen and Rong-Shyang Lu Kai-Feng Chen Y. Chao EXO QCD

49. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 49 Conclusion: Know in 3-5 Years ~ 10  15 Gain 10  13 10  15 Even if O (1) Enough CPV for B.A.U. Maybe there is a 4th Generation ! Will Really Know in ~ 3–5 years ! Heaven on Earth ? @ LHC sin 2  B s @ Tevatron by 2010

50. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 50 discover "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry symmetry in subatomic physics" "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" Source of EW SSB ?! Photo: Universtity of ChicagoPhoto: KEK Photo: Kyoto University Yoichiro Nambu Makoto KobayashiToshihide Maskawa 1/2 of the prize 1/4 of the prize USA Japan Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) Tsukuba, Japan Kyoto Sangyo University; Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan b. 1921 (in Tokyo, Japan) b. 1944 b. 1940 SSB Could EWSB be due to b’ and t’ above unitarity bound ~ 500-600 GeV ? Bob Holdom: N – J-L [Bardeen, Hill, Lindner Gustavo Burdman: “Holographic” 4th gen.

51. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 51 Back to my roots of Strong Dynamics / Finite T ?

52. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 52 or, deeper...

53. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 53

54. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 54 t  m B d, t op and V t d t t t op, a v.e.v. scale quark, “discovered” 20 years ago (ARGUS) Nondecoupling — t 1 Nondecoupling — t ~ 1 CPV Phase        arg V t d “Higgs Affinity” Loops mBdmBd

55. Flavor/CP/T-Belle George W.S. Hou (NTU) OCPA5, 6/29/06 55 Offshoot Discovery I — D 0 h 0 Early 2001 - Rong-Shyang “tooling” w/   finding... sees D    - Japanese student and Paoti, indep’tly... see D    Convenors Act — Reported Summer 2001 ! Form “Battle Group” ‣ Jack D       ‣ Hsuan-Cheng D       ‣ Rong-Shyang D       SU(3) argument Why the rush? — Much Enhanced! 100 %

56. Flavor/CP/T-Belle George W.S. Hou (NTU) OCPA5, 6/29/06 56 Belle 23M, PRL 88, 052002 ( 2002 ) CLEO 9.7M, PRL 88, 062001 ( 2002 ) More modes, done in less time BaBar 89M, PRD 69, 032004 ( 2004 ) enhance Isospin Strong Phase Difference  D  ~ 30   K  ,    D  ~ ½  1

57. Flavor/CP/T-Belle George W.S. Hou (NTU) OCPA5, 6/29/06 57 Prowess I: TCPV in Charmless B  sqq Jack Shih-Chieh finished M.S., after army, went for US (still finishing at FNAL) I did not give instructions to move into T ime-dep. CPV study... [flagship TCPV, sin2  1 measurement via B  J/   K 0, was completed 2001 we strategically stayed away so as not to get sidelined. This was the first TCPV study outside of charmonia final states. — A remarkable test for method. BaBar followed only a year later. NTU’s expertise in    /  payed off. Nobody was better suited. Jack became a big expert on B  sqq TCPV in Belle Belle (Jack’s) result consistent with SM expectation, while BaBar’s is at some variance. Belle BaBar

58. Flavor/CP/T-Belle George W.S. Hou (NTU) OCPA5, 6/29/06 58 John

59. Flavor/CP/T-Belle George W.S. Hou (NTU) OCPA5, 6/29/06 59 S  K S = sin 2  1 SM (KM) Prediction SUSY Possible SUSY FCNC/CPV Loop Can Break Equality Real  Penguins (Vertex Loops)

60. Flavor/CP/T-Belle George W.S. Hou (NTU) OCPA5, 6/29/06 60 TCPV in Charmless B  sqq Cont’d Belle BaBar 200220032004... SVD2 (2003+) S = +0.78  0.45 A =+0.17  0.33 SVD1 S =  0.68  0.46 A =  0.02  0.28  4.5% 2003 result caused a sensation [I was shocked 2003-2004 data set opposite sign BaBar consistent with SM Belle converging But we firmly entered TCPV. Also  mode (Chin-Chi Wang)... h ’ K S, fK S...

61. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 61 _d_d d  KK u u BB sb Why A K +  -  A K +  0  0 a Puzzle ? Large C ? Large EWPenguin ? Suppress Tree CPV Phase Need NP CPV Phase ∵ T and P EW ≈ same strong phase ? ? Currently working w/ Hsiang-nan et al. on NLO-PQCD  NP Z-penguin

62. CPV Pursuit George W.S. Hou (NTU) MikeFest, Nov ’09 62 b ’ t ’ Find b ’, t ’, or Rule Out @ LHC 4 th 4 th generation? — The jury is out … In era of LHC, can Directly Search for b’, t ’ Once and For All ! It’s a Duty. Strategy Considerations ( ) All Tools Well shielded training ground — All Tools ☞ Move on to Greener Pastures ~ in 2 years Publish early — Large Cross Section - If “Limits”, then easy to publish - If “Signal”, Lucked Out! Sighting Vision ~ Early ’ 06 Well shielded Publish early