1. Slide 1 Passenger pigeon Great aukDodo Dusky seaside sparrow Aepyornis (Madagascar) CHAPTER 18: SUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY: THE SPECIES APPROACH HERE ARE SOME ANIMAL SPECIES THAT WERE DRIVEN TO EXTINCTION BY HUMANS BY HABITAT DESTRUCTION AND OVERHUNTING. THE PASSENGER PIGEON IS NOTEWORTHY DUE TO ITS ASSOCIATION WITH GROSS MISCALCULATIONS OF THE MINIMUM VIABLE POPULATION (NUMBER OF SURVIVORS NEEDED TO MAINTAIN THE SPECIES PERMANENTLY) AND HABITAT WHICH LED TO ITS EXTINCTION.

2. Slide 2 Figure 18-3 (1) Page 450 Grizzly bear (threatened) Arabian oryx (Middle East) White top pitcher plant Kirtland's warbler African elephant (Africa) Mojave desert tortoise (threatened) Swallowtail butterfly Humpback chub Golden lion tamarin (Brazil) Siberian tiger (Siberia) THREATENED (VULNERABLE) SPECIES ARE STILL ABUNDANT IN THEIR NATURAL RANGES BUT BECAUSE OF DECLINING NUMBERS ARE LIKELY TO BECOME ENDANGERED IN THE NEAR FUTURE

3. Slide 3 West Virginia spring salamander Giant panda (China) Knowlton cactus Mountain gorilla (Africa) Swamp pink Pine barrens tree frog (male) Hawksbill sea turtle El Segundo blue butterfly Whooping crane Blue whale ENDANGERED SPECIES ARE ONES WITH SO FEW INDIVIDUALS THAT THE SPECIES WILL SOON BE EXTINCT. TERMS ENDANGERED AND THREATENED HAVE LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE.

4. Slide 4 Figure 18-3 (3) Page 451 Florida manatee Northern spotted owl (threatened) Gray wolfFlorida panther Bannerman's turaco (Africa) Devil's hole pupfish Snow leopard (Central Asia) Black-footed ferret Symphonia (Madagascar) Utah prairie dog (threatened) Ghost bat (Australia) California condor Black lace cactus Black rhinoceros (Africa) Oahu tree snail CONSIDER SOME EXAMPLES: MANATEE IS DYING FROM THERMAL POLLUTION; SPOTTED OWL WAS USED IN AN ATTEMPT TO SET A LEGAL PRECEDENT ON TERRITORIAL EXTENT IN ORDER TO PRESERVE A HABITAT – OLD GROWTH; GRAY WOLF HAS GOTTEN SOME BAD MEDIA LEADING TO MISGUIDED EXTERMINATION EFFORTS BY GOVT AND RANCHERS; CONDOR IS EXAMPLE OF CAPTURE & RECOVER ZOO APPROACH

5. Slide 5 CharacteristicExamples Low reproductive rate (K-strategist) Specialized niche Narrow distribution Feeds at high trophic level Fixed migratory patterns Rare Commercially valuable Large territories Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite Many island species, elephant seal, desert pupfish Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtles Many island species, African violet, some orchids Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther Figure 18-4 Page 452 SOME FEATURES OF SENSITIVE SPECIES; THESE ARE PROBLEMS WITH WARM AND FUZZY OR CALENDAR SPECIES. MOST EXTINCTIONS ARE HAPPENING WITH LESS FAMOUS SMALL CRITTERS SUCH AS INSECTS, FUNGI, ETC.

6. Slide 6 Indian Tiger Range 100 years ago Range today (about 2,300 left) Figure 18-6 (1) Page 456 IT IS NOT A GOOD TIME FOR TOP PREDATORS ALMOST ANYWHERE ON THE GLOBE

7. Slide 7 Black Rhino Range in 1700 Range today (about 2,400 left) Figure 18-6 (2) Page 456 RHINO HABITAT IS SHRINKING AND THEY ARE HUNTED FOR THEIR HORNS

8. Slide 8 African Elephant Probable range 1600 Range today (300,000 left) Figure 18-6 (3) Page 456 ELEPHANTS ARE FOLLOWING THE SAME PATH AS THEIR MASTADON RELATIVES, YET THIS TIME WE ARE MORE CERTAIN OF THE CAUSE OF THEIR DEMISE

9. Slide 9 Figure 18-7 Page 457 Florida scrub jay Sprague’s pipitBichnell’s thrushBlacked-capped vireoGolden-cheeked warbler Cerulean warbler California gnatcatcherKirtland’s warblerHenslow’s sparrowBachman’s warbler SONGBIRDS PLAY IMPORTANT ECOLOGICAL ROLES AND ARE INDICATOR SPECIES OF HABITAT INTEGRITY. DEMISE IS DUE TO HABITAT LOSS, FRAGMENTATION AND NON-NATIVE BIRDS (STARLING) 10 MOST THREATENED SPECIES

10. Slide 10 Figure 18-8 (1) Page 458 Purple looselifeEuropean starlingAfrican honeybee (“Killer bee”) NutriaSalt cedar (Tamarisk) Marine toadWater hyacinthJapanese beetleHydrillaEuropean wild boar (Feral pig) INTRODUCED SPECIES ARE ONE OF THE MAJOR REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF MANY NATIVE SPECIES

11. Slide 11 Figure 18-8 (2) Page 458 Sea lamprey (attached to lake trout) Argentina fire antEurasian muffleBrown tree snakeCommon pigeon (Rock dove) Formosan termiteZebra musselAsian long-horned beetle Asian tiger mosquitoGypsy moth larvae MANY OF THESE INTRODUCED SPECIES ARE INSECTS AND FISH; SOME ARE GOOD AND INTRODUCED TO CONTROL PREVIOUS INTRODUCTIONS; MANY EXOTIC SPECIES COME FROM SHIP BALLASTS

12. Slide 12 CAUSES OF EXTINCTION POPULATION GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT INCREASE IN RESOURCE CONSUMPTION POVERTY HABITAT LOSS, DEGRADATION AND FRAGMENTATION INTRODUCTION OF NON-NATIVE SPECIES OVERFISHING CLIMATE CHANGE PREDATOR AND PEST CONTROL POLLUTION COMMERCIAL HUNTING POACHING HARVEST AND SALE OF EXOTIC PETS, PLANTS, CORAL REEF INHABITANTS, ETC.

13. Slide 13 Figure 18-9 Page 459 KUDZU WAS AN INTENTIONAL INTRODUCTION IN THE 1930'S. IT WAS INTRODUCED TO CONTROL EROSION AND FIX NITROGEN. IT BECAME OVERDOMINANT TO SAY THE LEAST.

14. Slide 14 Atlantic white-sided dolphin Harbor porpoise Common dolphin Killer whale Beluga whale Bottlenose dolphin False killer whale Pilot whale Cuvier's beaked whale Pygmy sperm whale Sperm whale Narwhal Squid Baird's beaked whale Odontocetes (Toothed Whales) 051015202530m 0102030405060708090100ft Figure 18-12 (1) Page 462 CASE STUDY OF CETACEANS: TOOTHED VS. BALEEN (HORNY PLATES USED AS FILTERS FOR ACQUIRING KRILL); EASY PREY DUE TO SIZE AND NEED TO SURFACE; FOLLOW TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS; 8 OF 11 MAJOR SPP. ENDANGERED; IWC SET UP TO REGULATE WHALE HARVEST IN 1946; 1970 U.S. STOPPED ALL WHALING AND BANNED IMPORTS; 1986 MORATORIUM IMPOSED ON ALL WHALING BY IWC

15. Slide 15 Humpback whale Bowhead whale Right whale Minke whale Blue whale Feeding on krill Fin whale Sei whale Gray whale Mysticetes (Baleen Whales) Figure 18-12 (2) Page 463 JAPAN, NORWAY, ICELAND AND RUSSIA OPPOSE BAN; ADDED TROPICAL COUNTRIES INTO IWC TO GAIN SUPPORT TO RESUME HUNTING; REQUEST RESUMING HUNTING OF MINK, PILOT, SPERM, BYRDE'S, AND GRAY WHALES (SPECIES WHOSE POPULATIONS HAVE RECOVERED

16. Slide 16 Loggerhead 119 centimeters Olive ridley 76 centimeters Leatherback 188 centimeters Hawksbill 89 centimeters Green turtle 124 centimeters Kemp's ridley 76 centimeters Black turtle 99 centimeters Australian flatback 99 centimeters Figure 18-16 Page 470

17. Slide 17 North American-South American flyways European-African flyways Asian flyways Figure 18-17 Page 474 WHALES, TURTLES AND MANY BIRDS HAVE HEMISPHERIC MIGRATORY ROUTES THAT MAKE IT EASY TO DISRUPT THEIR LIFE HISTORY CYCLES CAUSING POTENTIAL EXTINCTION. MIGRATIONS ALSO MAKE THEM EASY TO HUNT.

18. Slide 18 Concentration of rare species LowModerateHigh Top Six Hot Spots 1 Hawaii 2 San Francisco Bay area 3 Southern Appalachians 4 Death Valley 5 Southern California 6 Florida Panhandle 4 5 2 6 3 1 Figure 18-13 Page 467 BIODIVERSITY HOT SPOTS IN THE U.S.