1. 1 Temperature Relations Chapter 4 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 靜宜大學 生態學系 Ayo 台南站： http://mail.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/http://mail.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/ Email add: Japalura@hotmail.comJapalura@hotmail.com

2. 2 Outline Microclimates ( 微氣候 ) Microclimates ( 微氣候 ) Aquatic Temperatures ( 水域溫度 ) Aquatic Temperatures ( 水域溫度 ) Temperature and Animal Performance Temperature and Animal Performance Extreme Temperature and Photosynthesis Extreme Temperature and Photosynthesis Temperature and Microbial Activity Temperature and Microbial Activity Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss Body Temperature Regulation ( 體溫調節 ) Body Temperature Regulation ( 體溫調節 ) Plants Plants Ectothermic Animals ( 外溫動物 ) Ectothermic Animals ( 外溫動物 ) Endothermic Animals ( 內溫動物 ) Endothermic Animals ( 內溫動物 )

3. 3 Microclimates ( 微氣候 ) Macroclimate: Large scale weather variation. ( 大尺度的氣象變化 ) Macroclimate: Large scale weather variation. ( 大尺度的氣象變化 ) Microclimate: Small scale ( 小尺度 )weather variation, usually measured over shorter time period. Microclimate: Small scale ( 小尺度 )weather variation, usually measured over shorter time period. Altitude ( 高度 ) Altitude ( 高度 ) Higher altitude - lower temperature. Higher altitude - lower temperature. Aspect ( 面向 ) Aspect ( 面向 ) Offers contrasting environments. Offers contrasting environments. Vegetation ( 植被 ) Vegetation ( 植被 ) Ecologically important microclimates. Ecologically important microclimates.

4. 4 Microclimates Ground Color ( 地表顏色 ) Ground Color ( 地表顏色 ) Darker colors absorb more visible light. Darker colors absorb more visible light. Boulders ( 大圓石 ) / Burrows ( 洞穴 ) Boulders ( 大圓石 ) / Burrows ( 洞穴 ) Create shaded, cooler environments. Create shaded, cooler environments.

5. 5 Aquatic Temperatures( 水域溫度 ) Specific Heat Specific Heat Absorbs heat without changing temperature. Absorbs heat without changing temperature. 1 cal energy to heat 1 cm 3 of water 1 o C. 1 cal energy to heat 1 cm 3 of water 1 o C. Air -.0003 cal Air -.0003 cal Latent Heat of Evaporation Latent Heat of Evaporation 1 cal can cool 580 g of water. 1 cal can cool 580 g of water. Latent Heat of Fusion Latent Heat of Fusion 1 g of water gives off 80 cal as it freezes. 1 g of water gives off 80 cal as it freezes. Riparian Areas ( 河岸邊地區 ) Riparian Areas ( 河岸邊地區 )

6. 6 Aquatic Temperatures Riparian vegetation influences stream temperature by providing shade.( 提供陰影 ) Riparian vegetation influences stream temperature by providing shade.( 提供陰影 )

7. 7 Temperature and Animal Performance Bio-molecular Level ( 生物分子層級 ) Bio-molecular Level ( 生物分子層級 ) Most enzymes have rigid, predictable shape at low temperatures Most enzymes have rigid, predictable shape at low temperatures Low temperatures cause low reaction rates, while excessively high temperatures destroy the shape. Low temperatures cause low reaction rates, while excessively high temperatures destroy the shape. Baldwin and Hochachka studied the influence of temperature on performance of acetylcholinesterase in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Baldwin and Hochachka studied the influence of temperature on performance of acetylcholinesterase in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

8. 8 Extreme Temperatures and Photosynthesis Photosynthesis( 光合作用 ) Photosynthesis( 光合作用 ) 6CO 2 + 12H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 0 6CO 2 + 12H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 0 Extreme temperatures usually reduce rate of photosynthesis. Extreme temperatures usually reduce rate of photosynthesis. Different plants have different optimal temperatures. Different plants have different optimal temperatures. Acclimation ( 適應 ): Physiological changes in response to temperature. Acclimation ( 適應 ): Physiological changes in response to temperature. Acclimatization ( 適應 ) Acclimatization ( 適應 )

9. 9 Optimal Photosynthetic Temperatures

10. 10 Temperature and Microbial Activity Morita studied the effect of temperature on population growth among psychrophilic ( 嗜 冷 ) marine bacteria around Antarctica ( 南 極洲 ). Morita studied the effect of temperature on population growth among psychrophilic ( 嗜 冷 ) marine bacteria around Antarctica ( 南 極洲 ). Grew fastest at 4 o C. Grew fastest at 4 o C. Some growth recorded in temperatures as cold as - 5.5 o C. Some growth recorded in temperatures as cold as - 5.5 o C. Some thermophilic( 嗜熱 ) microbes have been found to grow best in temperatures as hot as 110 o C. Some thermophilic( 嗜熱 ) microbes have been found to grow best in temperatures as hot as 110 o C.

11. 11 Optimal Growth Temperatures

12. 12 Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss H S = H m + H cd + H cv + H r - H e H S = H m + H cd + H cv + H r - H e H S = Total heat stored in an organism H S = Total heat stored in an organism H m = Gained via metabolism H m = Gained via metabolism H cd = Gained / lost via conduction H cd = Gained / lost via conduction H cv = Gained / lost via convection H cv = Gained / lost via convection H r = Gained / lost via electromag. radiation H r = Gained / lost via electromag. radiation H e = Lost via evaporation H e = Lost via evaporation

13. 13 Heat Exchange Pathways

14. 14 Body Temperature Regulation Poikilotherms ( 變溫 ) Poikilotherms ( 變溫 ) Body temperature varies directly with environmental temperature. Body temperature varies directly with environmental temperature. Ectotherms ( 外溫 ) Ectotherms ( 外溫 ) Rely mainly on external energy sources. Rely mainly on external energy sources. Endotherms ( 內溫 ) Endotherms ( 內溫 ) Rely heavily on metabolic energy. Rely heavily on metabolic energy. Homeotherms maintain a relatively constant internal environment. Homeotherms maintain a relatively constant internal environment.

15. 15 Temperature Regulation by Plants Desert Plants: Must reduce heat storage. Desert Plants: Must reduce heat storage. H s = H cd + H cv + H r H s = H cd + H cv + H r To avoid heating, plants have (3) options: To avoid heating, plants have (3) options: Decrease heating via conduction (H cd ). Decrease heating via conduction (H cd ). Increase conductive cooling (H cv ). Increase conductive cooling (H cv ). Reduce radiative heating (H r ). Reduce radiative heating (H r ).

16. 16 Temperature Regulation by Plants

17. 17 Temperature Regulation by Plants Arctic and Alpine Plants Arctic and Alpine Plants Two main options to stay warm: Two main options to stay warm: Increase radiative heating (H r ). Increase radiative heating (H r ). Decrease Convective Cooling (H cv ). Decrease Convective Cooling (H cv ). Tropic Alpine Plants Tropic Alpine Plants Rosette plants generally retain dead leaves, which insulate and protect the stem from freezing. Rosette plants generally retain dead leaves, which insulate and protect the stem from freezing. Thick pubescence increases leaf temperature. Thick pubescence increases leaf temperature.

18. 18 Temperature Regulation by Ectothermic Animals Liolaemus Lizards Liolaemus Lizards Thrive in cold environments. Thrive in cold environments. Burrows Burrows Dark pigmentation Dark pigmentation Sun Basking Sun Basking Grasshoppers Grasshoppers Some species can adjust for radiative heating by varying intensity of pigmentation during development. Some species can adjust for radiative heating by varying intensity of pigmentation during development.

19. 19 Temperature Regulation by Endothermic Animals Thermal neutral zone is the range of environmental temperatures over which the metabolic rate of a homeothermic animal does not change. Thermal neutral zone is the range of environmental temperatures over which the metabolic rate of a homeothermic animal does not change. Breadth varies among endothermic species. Breadth varies among endothermic species.

20. 20 Thermal Neutral Zones

21. 21 Temperature Regulation by Endothermic Animals Swimming Muscles of Large Marine Fish Swimming Muscles of Large Marine Fish Lateral swimming muscles of many fish (Mackerel, Sharks, Tuna) are well supplied with blood vessels that function as countercurrent heat-exchangers. Lateral swimming muscles of many fish (Mackerel, Sharks, Tuna) are well supplied with blood vessels that function as countercurrent heat-exchangers. Keep body temperature above that of surrounding water. Keep body temperature above that of surrounding water.

22. 22 Countercurrent Heat Exchange

23. 23 Temperature Regulation by Endothermic Animals Warming Insect Flight Muscles Warming Insect Flight Muscles Bumblebees maintain temperature of thorax between 30 o and 37 o C regardless of air temperature. Bumblebees maintain temperature of thorax between 30 o and 37 o C regardless of air temperature. Sphinx moths (Manduca sexta) increase thoracic temperature due to flight activity. Sphinx moths (Manduca sexta) increase thoracic temperature due to flight activity. Thermoregulates by transferring heat from the thorax to the abdomen Thermoregulates by transferring heat from the thorax to the abdomen

24. 24 Moth Circulation and Thermoregulation

25. 25 Temperature Regulation by Thermogenic Plants Almost all plants are poikilothermic ectotherms. Almost all plants are poikilothermic ectotherms. Plants in family Araceae use metabolic energy to heat flowers. Plants in family Araceae use metabolic energy to heat flowers. Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) stores large quantities of starch in large root, and then translocate it to the inflorescence where it is metabolized thus generating heat. Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) stores large quantities of starch in large root, and then translocate it to the inflorescence where it is metabolized thus generating heat.

26. 26 Eastern Skunk Cabbage

27. 27 Surviving Extreme Temperatures Inactivity Inactivity Seek shelter during extreme periods. Seek shelter during extreme periods. Reducing Metabolic Rate Reducing Metabolic Rate Hummingbirds enter a state of torpor when food is scarce and night temps are extreme. Hummingbirds enter a state of torpor when food is scarce and night temps are extreme. Hibernation - Winter Hibernation - Winter Estivation - Summer Estivation - Summer

28. 28 Review Microclimates Microclimates Aquatic Temperatures Aquatic Temperatures Temperature and Animal Performance Temperature and Animal Performance Extreme Temperature and Photosynthesis Extreme Temperature and Photosynthesis Temperature and Microbial Activity Temperature and Microbial Activity Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss Body Temperature Regulation Body Temperature Regulation Plants Plants Ectothermic Animals Ectothermic Animals Endothermic Animals Endothermic Animals

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30. 30 0n the net Biological structure and function Biological structure and function Temperature regulation Temperature regulation Thermal relations Thermal relations