1. Session 201 Comparative Emergency Management Session 20 Slide Deck

2. Session 202 Session Objectives 1.Discuss Emergency Response from a Global Perspective 2.Describe the Life-Saving Response Functions 3.Describe the Life-Sustaining Response Functions

3. Session 203 Response Decisions and actions aimed at limiting injuries, loss of life, and damage to property and the environment from a specific, defined hazard

4. Session 204 Response Actions Relative to the disaster, response actions nay be taken: –Prior to –During –Immediately following Response begins as soon as it becomes apparent that a hazard event is imminent, and lasts until the emergency is declared to be over

5. Session 205 Response Characteristics Response is typically performed: During periods of very high stress In a highly time-constrained environment With limited and imperfect information

6. Session 206 Response Phases Pre-Hazard The emergency phase: hazard effects ongoing The emergency phase: hazard effects have ceased

7. Session 207 Pre-Disaster Response Processes Warning and evacuation Pre-positioning of resources and supplies Last-minute mitigation and preparedness measures

8. Session 208 Hazard Recognition Shortfalls The scope of the unfolding event is underestimated in light of early impacts The hazard’s initial effects are unrecognizable or undetectable The hazard’s initial effects are kept hidden from response officials Disruptions of, inefficiencies in, or a lack of communications infrastructure prevents the affected from reporting an emergency in progress Response officials are fully engaged in response to another hazard and are unable to receive information about a new, secondary hazard

9. Session 209 Life Saving Functions Search and Rescue (SAR) First Aid Medical Treatment Evacuation

10. Session 2010 Search and Rescue (SAR) SAR Actions: –Locating victims –Extracting (rescuing) victims –Providing initial medical first-aid treatment The majority of search and rescue is performed in the initial minutes and hours of a disaster by untrained, average citizens, who include victims’ friends, family members, and neighbors

11. Session 2011 SAR Tasks: All Team Types Search collapsed buildings for victims, and rescue them Locate and rescue victims buried in earth, snow, and other debris Rescue victims from swiftly moving or high water Locate and rescue victims from damaged or collapsed mines Locate and rescue victims lost in wilderness areas Provide emergency medical care to trapped victims Provide dogs trained to locate victims by sound or smell Assess and control gas, electric service, and hazardous materials Evaluate and stabilize damaged structures

12. Session 2012 First Aid Medical Treatment Victims may outnumber responding technicians Supplies may be short or depleted Transportation of victims may be delayed, obstructed, or simply impossible There may be no adequate facilities available to bring victims for longer-term care

13. Session 2013 Triage Ranks victims according to the seriousness of their injuries, ensuring that the highest priority cases are transported to medical facilities before less serious ones Two systems (primarily): –START –Advanced Triage

14. Session 2014 Evacuation Moves populations away from the hazard Decisions cannot be taken lightly Requires established statutory authority and evacuation capacity Most effective when limited just to the risk area Must be sanctioned and facilitated

15. Session 2015 Life Sustaining and EM Functions Assessment Treating the Hazard Provision of Water, Food, and Shelter Public Health Sanitation Safety and Security Critical Infrastructure Resumption Emergency Social Services Donations Management

16. Session 2016 Assessment Tells Responders: –What is happening –Where it is happening –What is needed –What is required to address those needs –What resources are available

17. Session 2017 Assessments Continued Assessment Types –Situation Assessment –Needs Assessment Reports –Flash reports –Initial assessment report –Interim report –Specialist/technical report –Final report

18. Session 2018 Treating the Hazard Three types of hazard effects: –Effects that are over before any response activities may be initiated to treat them –Effects that persist, but for which no response actions exist that can limit or eliminate them –Effects that persist that may be limited or eliminated completely through existing response actions

19. Session 2019 Water Provision Used for: –Hydration –Hygiene –Food preparation Met by: –Transporting to victims (in mass storage devices or bottles) –Tapping unexploited water sources within the community –Providing access to a functioning but restricted water source within the community –Pumping water into the community –Providing filters or other treatments –Moving the population to another location where water is available

20. Session 2020 Food Provision Must suit the affected population Distribution: –Wet –Dry Concerns –Nutritional Assessments –Cleanliness –Points of Distribution –Storage –Vermin –Others

21. Session 2021 Shelter Protects from: –Natural elements –Insecurity –Damage to psychological well-being Immediate Shelter Long-Term Shelter

22. Session 2022 Public Health Facilities that normally manage health issues may be full, overtaxed, damaged, or nonexistent Measures: –Crude Mortality Rate –Morbidity Rates –Prevalence –Incidence –Attack rate

23. Session 2023 Public Health Response Tasks Rapid Assessment of Health Disease Prevention Disease Surveillance Outbreak Control Disease Management

24. Session 2024 Sanitation Primary Sanitation Issues: –Collection and disposal of human waste. –Wastewater –Garbage (trash) –Dust –Vector control (bugs, rodents, etc.)

25. Session 2025 Fatality Management Factors that contribute to human mortality in disasters: –Direct injuries from the hazard –Indirect injuries resulting from the aftereffects of the hazard event –Unrelated accidents and natural causes of death Actions: –Search and recovery of corpses –Transportation of the bodies to a centralized facility –Examination and identification of the body –Final disposal of the body

26. Session 2026 Safety and Security Police/fire officials affected by disaster and may be victims Police/fire officials overtaxed Common disaster security concerns: –Looting –Assaults on victims –Assaults on response and recovery officials –Security within shelters and resettlement camps –Rapes –Robberies –Domestic violence

27. Session 2027 Critical Infrastructure Resumption Infrastructure = basic facilities, services, and installations required for the functioning of a community or a society Critical infrastructure – vital to disaster response and the safety and security of the public Examples of Critical Infrastructure: –Transportation systems (land, sea, and air) –Communications –Electricity –Gas and oil storage and transportation –Water supply systems –Emergency services –Public health

28. Session 2028 Emergency Social Services Psychological stresses of: –Victims –Responders Common names: –Disaster Counseling –Psychosocial Services –Disaster mental health

29. Session 2029 Donations Management Without an effective mechanism to accept, catalogue, inventory, store, and distribute those donations, however, their presence can actually create what is commonly called “the second disaster.” Cash is best Goods: –Address the actual needs of the affected population –Be appropriate for the cultural setting into which they are donated –Be in good condition –Be able to clear customs