1. The Transformed Workforce I.Introduction II.Immigration A.Types B.Motivations III.Work A.Common B.Industrial C.Skilled IV.Cultural Identity and Protest A.Sojourners and slackers B.Loyalists C.Radicals V. Ethnicity and Class A.Nativism B.Divided workers

2. “Old” Immigrants Sen. Carl Shurz, 1829-1906 Liverpool Docks, 1850

3. Chinese Immigrants People of Chinese descent in the US –1860: 35K –1870: 63K

4. “New” Immigrants Polish Church, 1918 Italian Grocers, 1915Jewish Garment Workers, 1914

5. Motivations Famine –Irish Potato Blight, 1849 Unrest –Germany, 1848 Repression –Pogroms –2 nd class citizenship –Draft Irish Family, 1850

6. Labor Migration Padrone system Five Companies Castle Gardens Labor Exchange, 1868 

7. Fortune Gold Rush cartoon, 1849

8. Common Labor Immigrant men from agricultural backgrounds often found work doing common labor, esp. before 1880. Completing the final mile of the transcontinental RR, 1869

9. Skilled Labor Many immigrants arrived with significant skills. German workers, Mitchell’s Brewery, Wisconsin, circa 1890s

10. Industrial Work Machine operatives Home work Boy and mother rolling cigars in apt., NYC, 1877

11. Sojourners and Slackers Many immigrants come to the United States, planning to return and buy land –Chinese –Italians Workers express their dissatisfaction by skipping work, slacking off Chinese immigrants to San Francisco, 1877

12. Loyalists New workers were usually the most compliant But become more defiant over time Striking Pennsylvania coal miners jeer their replacements, 1870s

13. Radicals Nationalism –Irish Molly Maguires Clan Na Gael Socialism –Scandinavian –German Anarchism –Italian –Jewish

14. Nativism “Hands off, Gentlemen! America means Fair Play for All Men,” Harper’s Weekly, February 18, 1871

15. Divided Workers  Nationalities at Duquesne Steel Mill, 1919