1. Reptile Derivatives Birds and mammals

2. Archaeopteryx = “first” bird

5. Reptilian features teeth, tail, pelvis – no sternum skull features Avian (bird) features feathers, longer front limbs.

7. Why feathers ?; insulation

11. Why fly?: to glide from tree to tree or to chase insects?

12. Mammal lung = dead end – incomplete exchange of Oxygen Bird lung – one way movement = flow through and current counter current = greater efficiency and lighter weight.

15. Hespirornis = toothed, flightless, loon like diving bird

18. Rattites = worldwide, ancient flightless birds.

19. 7 is Vega island, off of James Ross Island at tip of Antarctic Peninsula.

21. Vega Island, Antarctic Peninsula

23. Pleisiosaur front arm (fin)

25. Vegavis, from Vega Island in Western Antarctica – Cretaceous in age (pre-meteor) A ‘duck’

26. Origin of Modern birds (Neornithes) before end of Cretaceous

27. Use of DNA Gives relationship Distance in time (if mutation at constant rate) Does not use whole DNA but rather segments that evolve with time Different authors use different DNA seqments.

28. ratites Ducks and grouse Unexpected relationships Hawks, falcons not related Penguins – albatrosses Flamingos – grebes !!!

31. Origin of Mammals

32. 1.synapsids, leading to mammals are the first group of reptiles 2.Based on differences from all reptiles and birds, mostly in features of soft anatomy.

34. ventral aorta leaves heart, splits into aortic arches to gills in amphibians, single vessel leaves heart, then splits to left and right sides to form dorsal aorta in mammals and birds, same system in embryo, but in adults, ventral aorta splits back to the heart so the arches come directly off heart, one to lungs, others to body. In mammals and birds, finally reduced to a single arch in reptiles, the split involves a twist. In mammals it does not, so the remaining aortic arch in on different sides in reptiles and birds vs mammals.

35. Synapsids = mammal like reptiles

36. Pelycosaurs = Dimetrodon

37. Function of “sail” Camoflage? Swimming? Thermoregulation Note: nasty carnivore

39. Therapsids

40. How to make a Mammal Develop for carnivory = active Hair – warm bloodedness Limbs; under body, toes of equal length Teeth; regionalization, multi roots, cutting Lower jaw – one bone Not there – change in reproduction

42. Hair, tooth regionalization, forward pointed toes of same length, limbs under body,

43. Reptilian scales with sensory papillae in between. Papillae become hair – for insulation

44. A definition of mammal = three bones in middle ear, one bone in lower jaw

47. Mammals; monotremes, platypus and echidna Lay eggs.

48. Echidna – egg in pouch, Hatches in 9 days – young in pouch for 12 weeks. Gets milk.

49. Marsupials and Placentals – Parallelism And no shelled eggs

50. Marsupial and placental reproduction; clevage total and equal - blastula forms with inner cell mass

51. Inner cell mass forms layers of cells inside blastula Embryo implants into uterine wall

53. On plate inside embryo – primitive streak forms Get chorion, amnion, allantois and yolk sac Placenta = chorion plus yolk sac in marsupials Placenta = chorion plus allantois in placentals

54. Marsupial pouch with ‘baby’

55. opossum young on nipple. Marsupials not primitive, but different Designed for an unpredictable environment – can dump kid to save mother.

62. The Path leading to humans: choices along the way. bilateral symmetry internal skeleton active life – carnivore, omnivore? warm blooded, good senses daylight living – visual shape perception = brains for memory storage tropical climate – k species strategy social organization – based on?? Food sources? Defense? This gets us to monkeys or squid. Now what to lead to humans? Suggested, upright, tools, social structure, none correlated to big brain probably speech – (no direct fossil record)

63. Human origins – arboreal nocturnal monkey

64. Arboreal diurnal monkey

65. Terrestrial monkey to terrestrial ape

66. To human, with what does the change correlate ?