1. Matthew D. Wallenstein Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory Colorado State University

2. The state of microbial ecology, circa 2009 To date, most of our attention has been on describing patterns in community structure.

3. Is it time to focus on function?

4. Do different communities function differently? Traditional focus: function Potential rates under optimal conditions Potential rates under optimal conditions Actual net rates under one set of field conditions Actual net rates under one set of field conditions Traditional focus: communities DNA based assessment of total community composition DNA based assessment of total community composition

5. Do different communities function differently? Traditional focus Potential rates at optimal conditions Potential rates at optimal conditions r 2 =0.439; F 2,19 =7.44; p=0.004 Example: Denitrifier community structure relates to potential denitrification rates in urban streams. Wang, S., J. Wright, E. Bernhardt, and M. Wallenstein, unpublished data.

6. Microbes in current terrestrial ecosystem models

7. Do different communities function differently? Emerging focus: function The range of conditions under which a particular function can occur (functional plasticity). The range of conditions under which a particular function can occur (functional plasticity). The persistence of function in the face of stress or disturbance. The persistence of function in the face of stress or disturbance. Emerging focus: community composition Assessing the ACTIVE microbes under different conditions with RNA or other novel molecular approaches (Stable Isotope Probing, BrdU) Assessing the ACTIVE microbes under different conditions with RNA or other novel molecular approaches (Stable Isotope Probing, BrdU)

9. In terms of niche theory… Abiotic condition (e.g. pH, temperature, moisture availability) Activity Rate (e.g. denitrification, respiration) Community physiological response curve (PRC) Species-specific PRC

10. Under optimal conditions, no effect of community composition on activity rate. Activity Rate temperature

11. Under in-situ conditions, direct effect of community composition on activity rate. Activity Rate temperature Microbial composition affects the range of conditions under which microbial functions can persist.

12. Soil Temperature @ 5 cm 2004-2005 Toolik Lake, Alaska -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 MJJASONDJFMAMJJASON

13. Bacterial community composition 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100% Shrub Mineral Post-thaw Shrub Mineral Pre-Freeze Shrub organic Post-thaw Shrub organic Pre-Freeze Intertussock Post-thaw Intertussock Pre-Freeze Tussock Post-thaw Tussock Pre-Freeze Acidobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Betaproteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Firmicutes Bacteroidetes Actinobacteria Verrucomicrobia Other Acidobacteria Proteobacteria Wallenstein et al 2007 FEMS Micro Ecol

14. The ACTIVE microbial community appears to be more seasonally dynamic. McMahon, Wallenstein, and Schimel. In prep.

15. B-glucosidase (Lignocellulose) Lignocellulose degrading enzymes peak in late winter. Wallenstein, McMahon, and Schimel. 2009, Global Change Biology. Enzyme activity Month of year (2005)

16. Seasonal changes in enzyme temperature sensitivity Winter enzymes are more sensitive to temperature than summer enzymes! Suggests that different organisms are producing different iso-enzymes at different times of the year. B-glucosidase Wallenstein, McMahon, and Schimel. 2009, Global Change Biology.

17. Modeled in-situ enzyme activities Wallenstein, McMahon, and Schimel. 2009, Global Change Biology. Tussock Shrub Soil Temperature

18. Winter Temperature Microbial Activity Fungi and Gram (-) bacteria Degrading Lignocellulose

19. Early Summer Temperature Microbial Activity Diverse microbial community Degrading chitin, protein, hemi-cellulose

20. The challenge… S tudy the physiology of microbial communities under a range of abiotic conditions to improve our ability to predict ecosystem function in the face of environmental change.

21. Emerging goals for microbial ecologists (2010-2020) 1. Identify which microbes are active under different in situ conditions. 2. Understand the physiology and ecological roles of different microbial taxa. 3. Measure and model how microbial physiology affects the dynamic response of ecosystem function to changing environments.

22. Function