1. Development of Conservation Ethics in the U.S.

2. John Muir The Romantic-Transcendental Preservation Ethic

3. George Perkins Marsh

4. Gifford Pinchot The Resource Conservation Ethic

6. Possible Values of Nature Instrumental value – a thing is valuable because it is useful to humans Intrinsic value – a thing is valuable in and of itself – valuable because it exists

7. Aldo Leopold the Evolutionary- Ecological Land Ethic

8. Aldo Leopold on horseback in Arizona – rider on left

9. Aldo And Dog At the Shack

10. The First Oakies at the Shack

11. Biodiversity Biodiversity – the diversity of life in all its forms and at all levels of organization. Word first used in print by E.O. Wilson 1986

12. Biodiversity At all levels of organization – usually three: Species Diversity Genetic Diversity Ecosystem Diversity

13. Northern Elephant Seal

14. Southern Elephant Seal - Antarctica

15. Corn and southern leaf blight

17. Traditional Peruvian potato varieties

18. Terrestrial World Biomes

19. Measuring Biodiversity When discussing biodiversity, most people talk about species diversity which has two components: Species richness - # of species Species evenness (heterogeneity) – proportion of individuals in each species

20. A comparison of species diversity in two communities Community 1 A: 25%B: 25%C: 25%D: 25% Community 2 A: 80%B: 5%C: 5%D: 10% D C B A

21. Global Plant Biodiversity a. Plant species per Ecoregion b. Areas of highest diversity per region c. Quality of data

22. With Biodiversity We Must Consider: Risk of extinction of species Endemism – endemic species are found in a particular geographic area

23. Endemism – Gray Wolf vs. Coyote

24. Local Endemic - Morro Bay Kangaroo Rat

25. Home of Morro Bay Kangaroo Rat

26. Kirtland’s warbler

27. Red-winged blackbird

28. Whittaker’s Diversity alpha diversity is diversity within a habitat - such as a jack-pine forest beta diversity is diversity among habitats, usually measured as change from one habitat to another - such as a jack-pine forest and nearby marsh gamma diversity is diversity at a large geographic scale - perhaps all of Michigan or North America

30. Species Diversity

31. What is a Species? Atelopus frog discovered in Suriname, June 2007

32. The Biological Species Concept Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. - Ernst Mayr Mayr on right – in New Guinea 1928

33. Brown or Grizzly Bear – Ursus arctos

34. Black Bear – Ursus americanus

35. Gray wolf – Canis lupus

36. Coyote – Canis latrans

37. Red wolf – Canis rufus

38. Helianthus - sunflowers

39. Oak Leaves

40. Leaves of Oak Hybrid

41. Hawthorns - Crataegus

42. Hawthorns