1. Dr. Michael R. Hyman, NMSU Cross-tabulations and Banners

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3. 3 Cross-tabulation Way to organize data by groups or categories, thus facilitating comparisons; joint frequency distribution of observations on two or more sets of variables Contingency table: Result of cross- tabulating two variables, such as survey questions Relative to univariate analyses, bivariate analyses can provide more insights

4. 4 Example #1

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9. 9 Example #2

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12. 12 Looking for Differences Between Groups

13. 13 Type of Measurement Differences between two independent groups Nominal Chi-square test When Chi-square Test Appropriate

14. 14 MenWomenTotal Aware 50 10 60 Unaware 15 25 40 65 35 100 Awareness of Tire Manufacturer’s Brand Question: Do men differ from women in their awareness? Example #3

15. 15 Chi-Square Test x² = chi-square statistics O i = observed frequency in the i th cell E i = expected frequency on the i th cell

16. 16 R i = total observed frequency in the i th row C j = total observed frequency in the j th column n = sample size Chi-Square Test

17. 17 d.f.=(R-1)(C-1) Degrees of Freedom

18. 18 Chi-Square Test

19. 19 Example #4

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21. 21 Example #5

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26. 26 Elaboration and Refinement Moderator variable –Third variable that alters or has a contingent effect on the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable –Spurious relationship An apparent relationship between two variables that is not authentic

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