1. Plan B 3.0 By Lester Brown Chapter 4: Rising Temperatures and Rising Seas Alex Levensalor, Jimmy Nguyen, Josh Harris

2. Effects of Increased Carbon Dioxide Sir David King has linked carbon dioxide levels and temperature over 740,000 years Sir David King has linked carbon dioxide levels and temperature over 740,000 years The amount of CO2 has always remained between 200 ppm and 270 ppm until the industrial revolution when it had a sever jump (2004 – 377 ppm) The amount of CO2 has always remained between 200 ppm and 270 ppm until the industrial revolution when it had a sever jump (2004 – 377 ppm) Rising temperature is directly related to harvest (food supply) Rising temperature is directly related to harvest (food supply) 700 residents died in a 1995 Chicago heat wave & over 1,00 during an Indian heat wave 700 residents died in a 1995 Chicago heat wave & over 1,00 during an Indian heat wave A major effect of rising temperatures has been ice melting causing sea levels to rise. A major effect of rising temperatures has been ice melting causing sea levels to rise.

3. Temperature Increase Places like Tuvalu, Maldives, London, & New York feel consequences of rising sea levels Places like Tuvalu, Maldives, London, & New York feel consequences of rising sea levels Insurance rates of costal locations dramatically rising Insurance rates of costal locations dramatically rising The 22 warmest years ever have occurred since 1980 The 22 warmest years ever have occurred since 1980 Avg. temp has increased by 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1970 Avg. temp has increased by 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1970

4. If this continues, the average temperature could rise by more than 10°F

6. Effects on the Food Supply The increase in temperatures will be more extreme over land than water The increase in temperatures will be more extreme over land than water This causes a diminishing crop yields and melting of snow & ice on mountains This causes a diminishing crop yields and melting of snow & ice on mountains Land experiencing very dry conditions has increased from 15% to 30% Land experiencing very dry conditions has increased from 15% to 30% Huge effects on # of wildfires and river fish Huge effects on # of wildfires and river fish Minor changes in temperature will have large effects on crops historical to certain areas Minor changes in temperature will have large effects on crops historical to certain areas Massive effects on pollination period and dehydration of crops Massive effects on pollination period and dehydration of crops In India, a 2-degree celcius rise would lead to a decline in irrigated wheat yields from 37-58% In India, a 2-degree celcius rise would lead to a decline in irrigated wheat yields from 37-58% India is going to add 500 million people by mid-century India is going to add 500 million people by mid-century

7. Snow/Ice Masses Most of nature’s fresh water comes from snow/ice masses in mountains (glaciers, etc.) Most of nature’s fresh water comes from snow/ice masses in mountains (glaciers, etc.) These masses are the leading source for irrigation and drinking water in some areas These masses are the leading source for irrigation and drinking water in some areas Global climate models project 70% reduction in snow pack for western United States by mid century (that’s the Rocky Mountains) Global climate models project 70% reduction in snow pack for western United States by mid century (that’s the Rocky Mountains) With reduces irrigation flows, farm income in the western valleys would lost $163 million with a rise of 4-degrees Celcius With reduces irrigation flows, farm income in the western valleys would lost $163 million with a rise of 4-degrees Celcius

8. Snow/Ice Masses Every major river in all of Asia originates from the Himalayas Every major river in all of Asia originates from the Himalayas The shrinking of Himalayan glaciers could affect water supply for hundreds of millions of people The shrinking of Himalayan glaciers could affect water supply for hundreds of millions of people Two-thirds of China’s glaciers could be gone by 2060 Two-thirds of China’s glaciers could be gone by 2060 Himalayas contain the largest ice fields outside of the poles, and melting could dramatically affect sea levels Himalayas contain the largest ice fields outside of the poles, and melting could dramatically affect sea levels

9. Melting Glaciers European Alps melting can affect tourism to the glacial valleys, a crucial part of the Swiss economy European Alps melting can affect tourism to the glacial valleys, a crucial part of the Swiss economy Kilamanjaro, Africa’s tallest mountain, lost 33% of ice fields from 1989-2000 Kilamanjaro, Africa’s tallest mountain, lost 33% of ice fields from 1989-2000 Kilamanjaro’s famous snowcap is now gone, 15 years before expected Kilamanjaro’s famous snowcap is now gone, 15 years before expected Other mountain ranges are also affected: Andes, Swiss Alps, French/Spanish Pyranees Other mountain ranges are also affected: Andes, Swiss Alps, French/Spanish Pyranees Bernard Francou, research director for French Institute of Research and Development, thinks 80% of South American glaciers will be gone within 15 years Bernard Francou, research director for French Institute of Research and Development, thinks 80% of South American glaciers will be gone within 15 years

10. Rising Sea Levels The Artic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet The Artic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet Not just polar bears, but ice-living seals are threatened, a major food source for Inuits Not just polar bears, but ice-living seals are threatened, a major food source for Inuits As the tundra thaws, buildings, pipelines, roads, and other infrastructure are damaged. As the tundra thaws, buildings, pipelines, roads, and other infrastructure are damaged.

11. Rising Sea Levels If Greenland Ice Sheet would melt, sea level would rise 7 meters (23 feet) If Greenland Ice Sheet would melt, sea level would rise 7 meters (23 feet) Not only would this affect sea level, but it might disrupt ocean circulation. Not only would this affect sea level, but it might disrupt ocean circulation. Dumping fresh water from Greenland would disrupt the Conveyor Belt, especially the Gulf Stream flow Dumping fresh water from Greenland would disrupt the Conveyor Belt, especially the Gulf Stream flow Northeastern US and Canada would get colder, but Europe would see a sharp temperature drop. Northeastern US and Canada would get colder, but Europe would see a sharp temperature drop.

12. Ocean Conveyor Belt

13. Rising Sea Levels A 2 kilometer thick ice shelf covers a continent about the size of Australia contains about 70% of the worlds fresh water A 2 kilometer thick ice shelf covers a continent about the size of Australia contains about 70% of the worlds fresh water A rise in temperature causes the ice sheet to melt making the standing water on top of the ice break and crack the ice A rise in temperature causes the ice sheet to melt making the standing water on top of the ice break and crack the ice Accelerating ice temperate has been rising since 1980 Accelerating ice temperate has been rising since 1980 A simple 1 meter rise in sea level would wipe out more than a third of shanghai, the city would be completely under water A simple 1 meter rise in sea level would wipe out more than a third of shanghai, the city would be completely under water

14. Destructive Storms In 2000, the World Bank published a map showing a 1 meter rise in sea level would wipe out half of Bangladesh rice fields In 2000, the World Bank published a map showing a 1 meter rise in sea level would wipe out half of Bangladesh rice fields A rise in water would cause 36,000 square kilometers of land in the mid Atlantic and Mississippi gulf states to be underwater A rise in water would cause 36,000 square kilometers of land in the mid Atlantic and Mississippi gulf states to be underwater Fall of 1998, hurricane Mitch occurred which is one of the most powerful storms out of the Atlantic Fall of 1998, hurricane Mitch occurred which is one of the most powerful storms out of the Atlantic This storm left over 11,000 people dead This storm left over 11,000 people dead The biggest perk of subsidizing fuel would be the tax deductions The biggest perk of subsidizing fuel would be the tax deductions

15. More destructive Storms In 2004, Japan experienced a record 10 typhoons that racked up over 10 billion dollars worth of losses In 2004, Japan experienced a record 10 typhoons that racked up over 10 billion dollars worth of losses In 1983 Hurricane Alicia struck the US causing 1.5 billion dollars worth of losses In 1983 Hurricane Alicia struck the US causing 1.5 billion dollars worth of losses In 1992 Hurricane Andrew caused 30 billon dollars worth of damages, while destroying 60 thousands homes In 1992 Hurricane Andrew caused 30 billon dollars worth of damages, while destroying 60 thousands homes A 2 kilometer thick ice shelf covers a continent about the size of Australia contains about 70% of the worlds fresh water A 2 kilometer thick ice shelf covers a continent about the size of Australia contains about 70% of the worlds fresh water One scientist says that by 2065 storm damage will surpass the gross world product One scientist says that by 2065 storm damage will surpass the gross world product