1. Creating and Visualizing Document Classification J. Gelernter, D. Cao, R. Lu, E. Fink, J. Carbonell

2. Justification for fuzzy document classification Fuzzy aims….how can you know exactly what you’re looking for when you don’t know the possibilities? “anomalous state of knowledge” (Belkin et al 1982) So fuzzy clusters reflect the cognitive state

3. Hypothesis: Fuzzy results clustering and visualization should save time by directing searchers to the level of results that they wish to view (rather than breaking off arbitrarily at screen bottom) …in a prototype digital library for paleontology Research overview

4. Talk overview Background: often classification with algorithms alone, de-emphasizing document Approach: * Facets and browse categories * Metadata generation * Classifier algorithms * Visualization: labels and color grid Findings from paleontologist experiments positive response to our fuzzy classification muted response to our fuzzy visualization

5. Background: fuzzy clustering Text classification is well-researched (Sebastiani, 2002 review). It depends on algorithm used (k-nearest neighbor, naïve bayes, support vector, etc.) and on document representation (bag of words, or with natural language processing factors) Our work differs from others’ in its emphasis on document representation which we hoped would provide greater precision.

6. Background: fuzzy info visualization “Research in visualisation of fuzzy systems is still at an early stage” (Pham and Brown, 2003) -- location on the page— with the top being most relevant (see left, ours) -- 3D -- icons (see left) -- color gradations with dark most relevant (ours)

7. Pre-set queries: facets based on user needs

8. Queries are supported by controlled vocabulary, or ontology

9. Metadata generation: classification according to article rhetoric (could be improved)

10. Knowledge Engineering rather than machine learning for small document set Rules for finding matches of document to query Example: Ma [number] Mya [number] Myr [number] B.P [number] in document matches to associated time periods Rules for clustering documents into fuzzy categories (requires metadata generation) Example: *** Highly relevant if match found in title or abstract ** Relevant if match found in caption…

11. To solve problem of showing uncertainty clusters in a familiar list

12. To solve problem of showing more results per screen as well as showing clusters

13. Participants: 3 paleontologists (undergraduate, graduate and museum curator) Method: Compare classifications of people and system for same articles Sample: 30 articles, mix of training and non- training set articles, from 3 categories: gingko (3 levels relevancy), allosaurus (3 levels relevancy), neither RESULTS: 70% agreed at least 1/3 of participant ratings Participant experiments (algorithm testing)

14. Pilot testing with paleontologist in our group Paleontology conferences: –Spring 2009 NACP (North American Paleontological Convention) – 17 returned –Fall 2009 SVP (Society of Vertebrate Paleontologists) Ask 3 graduate or undergraduates in paleontology to classify the articles – results not yet returned Questionnaires –Spring questionnaire: design focus –Fall: comparative focus (features as well as design) RESULTS 58.8% liked our labels 35.7% liked our grid Participant experiments (interface testing)

15. Future directions To improve fuzzy classification: adapt CiteSeer parse algorithm to improve our classification To improve visualization: list view with labels and colors for uncertainty levels

16. Contributions in summary (1)Fuzzy result groupings represent “fuzzy” concept of search aim as in user’s mind, so uncertainly labels are appreciated (2)Fuzzy color blocks that represent abstract categories are not liked; stick to minor modifications of the familiar list

17. References Belkin, N.J., Oddy, R.N. and Brooks H.M. (1982) ASK for information retrieval,. Part I: Background and theory; Part II: Results of a design study, Journal of Documentation, vol. 3, no. 2&3, pp. 61-71: 145-164, 1982. Pham, B. & Brown, R. (2003). Analysis of visualization requirement for fuzzy systems. Proceedings of the 1st international conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australasia and South East Asia, Melbourne, Australia, 181 ff. Sebastiani, (2002) Machine learning in automated text categorization, ACM Computing Surveys, 34 (1), 1-47.