1. Using Two Queues

2. Using Multiple Queues

3. Suspended Processes Processor is faster than I/O so all processes could be waiting for I/O Processor is faster than I/O so all processes could be waiting for I/O Swap these processes to disk to free up more memory Swap these processes to disk to free up more memory Blocked state becomes suspend state when swapped to disk Blocked state becomes suspend state when swapped to disk Two new states Two new states Blocked, suspend Blocked, suspend Ready, suspend Ready, suspend

4. One Suspend State

5. Two Suspend States

6. Reasons for Process Suspension Swapping Swapping The OS needs to release main memory to bring in a process that is ready to run The OS needs to release main memory to bring in a process that is ready to run OS maintenance OS maintenance The OS may suspend a background or utility process, or a process suspected of causing problems The OS may suspend a background or utility process, or a process suspected of causing problems

7. Reasons for Process Suspension Interactive user request Interactive user request User may wish to suspend execution of a program in order to debug or in connection with the use of a resource (e.g., printer queue backed up) User may wish to suspend execution of a program in order to debug or in connection with the use of a resource (e.g., printer queue backed up) Timing Timing A process may be executed periodically (e.g., an accounting system) and may be suspended until needed again A process may be executed periodically (e.g., an accounting system) and may be suspended until needed again Parent Process request Parent Process request Suspend child process to check on progress, modify task, or coordinate (sychronize) Suspend child process to check on progress, modify task, or coordinate (sychronize)

8. Operating System Management Responsibilities

9. Operating System Control Structures Information about the current status of each process and resource Information about the current status of each process and resource Tables are constructed for each entity the operating system manages Tables are constructed for each entity the operating system manages

10. Memory Tables Allocation of main memory to processes Allocation of main memory to processes Allocation of secondary memory to processes Allocation of secondary memory to processes Protection attributes for access to shared memory regions Protection attributes for access to shared memory regions Information needed to manage virtual memory Information needed to manage virtual memory

11. I/O Tables I/O device is available or assigned I/O device is available or assigned Status of I/O operation Status of I/O operation Location in main memory being used as the source or destination of the I/O transfer (e.g., buffer in memory mapped I/O) Location in main memory being used as the source or destination of the I/O transfer (e.g., buffer in memory mapped I/O)

12. File Tables Existence of files Existence of files Location on secondary memory Location on secondary memory Current Status Current Status Attributes Attributes Sometimes this information is maintained by a file-management system (distinct from the OS kernel) Sometimes this information is maintained by a file-management system (distinct from the OS kernel)

13. Process Table Where process is located Where process is located Attributes necessary for its management Attributes necessary for its management Process ID Process ID Process state Process state Location in memory Location in memory

14. Process Location Process includes set of programs to be executed Process includes set of programs to be executed Data locations for local and global variables Data locations for local and global variables Any defined constants Any defined constants Stack Stack Process control block Process control block Collection of attributes Collection of attributes Process image Process image Collection of program, data, stack, and attributes Collection of program, data, stack, and attributes

16. Process Control Block (PCB)

17. CPU Context Switch

18. Process Control Block Process identification Process identification Identifiers Identifiers Numeric identifiers that may be stored with the process control block include Numeric identifiers that may be stored with the process control block include Identifier of this process Identifier of this process Identifier of the process that created this process (parent process) Identifier of the process that created this process (parent process) User identifier User identifier

19. Process Control Block Processor State Information Processor State Information User-Visible Registers User-Visible Registers A user-visible register is one that may be referenced by means of the machine language that the processor executes. Typically, there are from 8 to 32 of these registers, although some RISC implementations have over 100. A user-visible register is one that may be referenced by means of the machine language that the processor executes. Typically, there are from 8 to 32 of these registers, although some RISC implementations have over 100.

20. Process Control Block Processor State Information Processor State Information Control and Status Registers Control and Status Registers These are a variety of processor registers that are employed to control the operation of the processor. These include Program counter: Contains the address of the next instruction to be fetchedProgram counter: Contains the address of the next instruction to be fetched Condition codes: Result of the most recent arithmetic or logical operation (e.g., sign, zero, carry, equal, overflow)Condition codes: Result of the most recent arithmetic or logical operation (e.g., sign, zero, carry, equal, overflow) Status information: Includes interrupt enabled/disabled flags, execution modeStatus information: Includes interrupt enabled/disabled flags, execution mode

21. Process Control Block Processor State Information Processor State Information Stack Pointers Stack Pointers Each process has one or more last-in-first-out (LIFO) system stacks associated with it. A stack is used to store parameters and calling addresses for procedure and system calls. The stack pointer points to the top of the stack. Each process has one or more last-in-first-out (LIFO) system stacks associated with it. A stack is used to store parameters and calling addresses for procedure and system calls. The stack pointer points to the top of the stack.

22. Process Control Block Process Control Information Process Control Information Scheduling and State Information Scheduling and State Information Process state (e.g., running, ready, waiting, halted).Process state (e.g., running, ready, waiting, halted). Priority:Priority: Scheduling-related informationScheduling-related information Event (waiting upon I/O or resource allocation)Event (waiting upon I/O or resource allocation)

23. Process Control Block Process Control Information Process Control Information Interprocess Communication Interprocess Communication Various flags, signals, and messages may be associated with communication between two independent processes. Some or all of this information may be maintained in the process control block. Various flags, signals, and messages may be associated with communication between two independent processes. Some or all of this information may be maintained in the process control block. Process Privileges Process Privileges Processes are granted privileges in terms of the memory that may be accessed and the types of instructions that may be executed. In addition, privileges may apply to the use of system utilities and services. Processes are granted privileges in terms of the memory that may be accessed and the types of instructions that may be executed. In addition, privileges may apply to the use of system utilities and services.

24. Process Control Block Process Control Information Process Control Information Memory Management Memory Management This section may include pointers to segment and/or page tables that describe the virtual memory assigned to this process. This section may include pointers to segment and/or page tables that describe the virtual memory assigned to this process. Resource Ownership and Utilization Resource Ownership and Utilization Resources controlled by the process may be indicated, such as opened files. A history of utilization of the processor or other resources may also be included; this information may be needed by the scheduler. Resources controlled by the process may be indicated, such as opened files. A history of utilization of the processor or other resources may also be included; this information may be needed by the scheduler.

26. Processor State Information Contents of processor registers Contents of processor registers User-visible registers User-visible registers Control and status registers Control and status registers Stack pointers Stack pointers Program status word (PSW) Program status word (PSW) contains status information contains status information Example: the EFLAGS register on Pentium machines Example: the EFLAGS register on Pentium machines

27. Pentium II EFLAGS Register