1. Int’l Seminar on Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy The Korean High-Level Human Resourses Development Strategy and The Construction of Research Capacities April 14, 2008 Prof. Se-Jung Oh Dean, College of Natural Science Seoul National University Republic of Korea

2. 2 Contents 1.Development of Korean Economy and its Current Situation 2. Evolution of Korean National Innovation System 3. Progress of the Korean Human Resources Development Strategy (especially on Doctorate Level) 4. Summary and Concluding Remarks

3. 3 1.Development of Korean Economy and its Current Situation

4. 4 Rapid Development of Korean Economy Asian Currency Crisis [ GNP per capita (1953 ~ 2006), nominal US $ ] Source : The Bank of Korea, http://ecos.bok.or.kr  GNP per capita of Korea Year 1953: $ 67/ yr was one of the poorest countries in the world Year 2006: $ 18,372 & Year 2007: $ 20,050

5. 5 Current Achievements of Korean Economy  Semiconductor Dramatic achievement since 1981 10.7 % of global market share(’05) Ranked 3 rd following by U.S. and Japan (’06) Focused on DRAM memory market Prowess in process technology 45.1 % of global market share(’06) (ranked 1 st since 1992) Samsumg Electronics (29 %), Hynix (16 %)  Steel Industry Current position of Korean Steel industry Ranked 5 th (‘06) in production /year Ranked 6 th (’06) in export POSCO ranked 5 th, INI Steel Co. ranked 28 th in production capa

6. 6 Current Achievements of Korean Economy (Cont.)  Shipbuilding Since 2004, Korea has been leading the industry Korea (33.6%), Japan (32.2%), China (12.5%) (’04) by CGT (Compensated Gross Tonnage) Main products : LNG carrier, large-containership, oil tanker, FPSO (floating production storage offloading) Japan, China : oil tanker, bulk carrier  Display Products Global market share of the LCD market (’07) Samsung Electronics(22.9%, rank 1 st ), LG Display(20.4%, rank 2 nd ) Global market share of the PDP market (’07) Samsung SDI(27.0%, rank 2 nd ), LG Electronics(26.0%, rank 3 rd )  Automobile 5 th in the world after U.S., Japan, China, Germany (’06)

7. 7 2.Evolution of the Korean National Innovation System

8. 8 Korean National Innovation System - Input 19691980199020002006 R&D expenditure (B won)9.8211.73,210.513,848.527,345.7 - Public 7.2 (73%) 105.5 (50%) 510.8 (16%) 3,816.9 (28%) 6,632.1 (24%) - Private 1.8 (18%) 102.4 (48%) 2,698.9 (84%) 10,023.4 (72%) 20,631.3 (75%) - Foreign 0.8 (8%) 3.8 (2%) 0.8 (0%) 8.2 (0%) 82.3 (0%) Number of researchers5,33718,43470,503159,973256,598 - Government Research Institutes (GRI’s) 2,413 (45%) 4,598 (25%) 10,434 (15%) 13,913 (9%) 16,771 (7%) - University 2,142 (40%) 8,695 (47%) 21,332 (30%) 51,727 (32%) 65,923 (26%) - Private Industry 782 (15%) 5,141 (28%) 38,737 (55%) 94,333 (59%) 173,904 (68%)  R&D Expenditure and Number of Researchers per Year

9. 9 Korean National Innovation System - Output  S&T Competitiveness, Patent, & SCI Papers 199820032004200520062007 Rank of National Competitiveness 1) 35 th 37 th 35 th 29 th 38 th 29 th - Science28 th 16 th 19 th 15 th 12 th 7 th - Technologyn.a.27 th 8 th 2 nd 6 th Number of Patent Registration 2) 35,90030,52535,28453,419n.a. - International Patent Application 3) - 2,949 (8 th ) 3,558 (7 th ) 4,688 (6 th ) 5,935 (5 th ) n.a. Number of SCI Paper 9,843 (16 th ) 18,830 (14 th ) 19,328 (14 th ) 23,089 (14 th ) 23,286 (13 th ) n.a. - Average Citation Number 1.88 (34 th ) 2.63 (30 th ) 2.8 (29 th ) 3.04 (30 th ) 3.22 (28 th ) n.a. 1) IMD (International Institute for Management Development) 2) WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) 3) PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty)

10. 10 Roles of the Korean Innovation Actors  Government Development of Science & Technology Infrastructure Established Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST) in 1966 Established several GRIs as spin-offs from KIST in 70s and early 80s Created Daedeok Science Town in 1978 Established Korea Advanced Institute of Science (KAIS) in 1971 Direct R&D support to Universities and GRIs Preferential finance and tax concessions for Industry R&D  University The rapid expansion of S&T human resource education Used to be more teaching-oriented than research-oriented in the past But recently emphasize basic & applied research and high-level human resource development (Doctorate level)

11. 11 Role of the Korean Innovation Actors (Cont’d)  Government Research Institutes (GRI’s) Important role in industrial R&D in ‘60s and ‘70s Helped firms to acquire foreign technology Informally diffused technology thru reverse-engineering Supplied experienced researchers for Industry Joint research & development with large firms Acts as the backbone of national R&D  Private Sectors Large firms established corporate R&D centers in the 1980s Samsung, LG, Hyundai, and SK group, etc. SMEs started R&D activities rather slowly

12. 12 Progress of Korean National Innovation System Stage1960s ~ 1970s1980s1990s2000 ~ 2007 Per Capita GNP $82 ~ $1,676 $1,645 ~ $ 5,418 $6,417 ~ $9,438$10,804 ~ $20,050 Major Industry Agriculture and Labor-intensive industry (Textile, Shoes, etc) heavy industry (Steel, Auto, Chemicals,etc) Electronic and IT products (Electric Appliances, Semiconductor etc) IT products and others (Semiconductor, LCD, Auto, etc) R & D Focus Imitation of mature foreign technologies Imitation of mature, advanced foreign technologies Expansion of public R&D Development of growth engine technologies Domestic R & D Situation Inadequacy of university & industry research Reliance on GRI’s Expansion of industry & university research Foundation of industry-led system Expansion of university research Government Policy on R & D and Human Resource Development Established KIST (1966) and other GRI’s Established KAIS (1973) Expansion of University System Rapid growth of Graduate Schools Emphasis on the Quality of Graduate Education and Research Globalization of University Foster Top-quality Research Univ. HRD Policy on Doctorate Level Import from foreign countries Import as well as Domestic Training Foreign Training of Domestic Doctors Assimilation in the Global Market

13. 13 3. Progress of the Korean Human Development Strategy (especially on Doctorate Level)

14. 14 Korean HRD Policies in 1960’s  Environments/Backgrounds Per Capita GNP : $82 (’60) → $210 (’69) Main Industry : Agriculture and Labor-intensive Industry (textile) R & D focus : Imitation of Mature Foreign Technologies  Government Actions Established the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) in 1966 (1 st Government Research Institute) Established the Ministry of Science and Technology at the cabinet level (1967) Emphasized training of technicians in high schools and 2-year colleges Started Recruiting Program for Korean Scientists (Doctorate Level) working in Foreign Countries (1968) Total of 29 Ph.D’s in Science and Engineering fields returned to Korea from abroad in ’68-’69

15. 15 Korean HRD Policies in 1960’s (Cont’d)  Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and Graduate Schools) Focused more on Undergraduate Education than Research in general Research capability of universities was inadequate But the number of 4-year Universities was increased from 48(’62) to 68 (’69) The number of graduate schools was increased from 25 (’62) to 60 (’69) Manpower production in Science and Engineering fields was small In 1969, only 4,863 bachelors, 301 masters and 35 Ph.D’s were produced altogether from Korean universities  The number of Students going abroad to study Science and Engineering fields increased from ~ 400 (’60) to ~ 600 (’69)

16. 16 Korean HRD Policies in 1970’s  Environments/Backgrounds Per Capita GNP : $254 (’70) → $1,676 (’79) Main Industry : Light Industry (textile, shoes, etc) and some chemical industry R & D focus : Imitation of Mature Foreign Technologies  Government Actions Established the Korea Advanced Institute of Science (KAIS) in 1971 (US-style Graduate school in Science and Engineering Fields) Established several GRI’s (Atomic Energy, National Standards, Ocean Research) Established the Korean Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) to support basic research in universities (1977) Expanded manpower training in engineering schools, especially in electrical, mechanical and chemical engineering departments

17. 17 Korean HRD Policies in 1970’s (Cont’d) Started national scholarship program for sending students abroad for the graduate study (1977) Until 2001, altogether 1,717 students received this national scholarship, mostly in science and engineering fields. Actively pursued Recruiting Program for Korean Scientists (Doctorate Level) working in Foreign Countries Total of 454 Ph.D’s in Science and Engineering fields returned to Korea from abroad in ’70-’79  Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and Graduate Schools) Rapid Expansion of Students in Science and Engineering fields both in undergraduate and graduate levels (see Fig.1) However, Research capability of most universities was still quite limited, except KAIS which received special government support  The number of Students going abroad to study Science and Engineering fields also increased quite rapidly from ~ 600 (’70) to ~ 1,200 (’79)

18. 18 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 1. Production of Bachelors in S&E fields from Domestic Universities in 1970's

19. 19 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 2. Production of Masters and Ph.D's in S&E fields from Domestic Universities in 1970's

20. 20 Korean HRD Policies in 1980’s  Environments/Backgrounds Per Capita GNP : $1,645 (’80) → $5,418 (’89) Main Industry : Heavy Industry (Steel, Auto, Ship-building, Chemicals, etc) R & D focus : Imitation of Mature, Advanced Foreign Technologies  Government Actions Established several more GRI’s (Machinery and Materials, Electronics and Telecommunications, Geology, etc) in 1981 Established Pohang University of Science and Technology (by POSCO, a steel company) in 1986 Established Basic Science Promotion Law and Korea Basic Science Institute in 1988 Established four Science High Schools for Gifted Students (’83, ’84) Introduced the military-duty exemption system for science and engineering students and researchers (1981) Expanded 4-year colleges and universities greatly, especially in science and engineering fields, while reducing government support for vocational schools training technicians

21. 21 Korean HRD Policies in 1980’s (Cont’d) Started post-doc training program in foreign countries for Ph.D’s who obtained degree in science and engineering fields from domestic universities (KOSEF, 1982) On the average, 50 – 200 post-doc’s were trained in foreign countries every year Started “Brain-Pool” program inviting foreign experts to Korea permanently or for a limited time (KOSEF, 1982) On the average, about 100 foreign Ph.D’s visited Korea every year utilizing this program  Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and Graduate Schools) Rapid Expansion of Students in Science and Engineering fields both in undergraduate and graduate levels (see Fig.3) Research capability of several universities were also greatly improved during this period The number of Masters and Ph.D’s in Science and Engineering fields produced from domestic universities increased quite rapidly (see Fig.4)  The number of Students going abroad to study Science and Engineering fields also increased quite rapidly (see Fig.5)

22. 22 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 3. Production of Bachelors in S&E fields from Domestic Universities in 1980's

23. 23 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 4. Production of Masters and Ph.D's in S & E fields from Domestic Universities in 1980's

24. 24 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 5. Number of Students studying abroad in Science and Engineering Fields

25. 25 Korean HRD Policies in 1990’s  Environments/Backgrounds Per Capita GNP : $6,147 (’90) → $9,438 (’99) Main Industry : Electronic and IT Products (Electrical Appliances, Semiconductors, Computers), and others (Auto, Ship-building, etc) R & D focus : Develop Advanced Technologies R&D activities of private industries were greatly increased (see Fig.6) Demand for Ph.D was greatly increased (see Fig.7)  Government Actions Established Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 1993 Enacted “Special Law for Promotion of Science and Technology” in 1997 Established Korea Academy of Science and Technology (KAST) and National Academy of Engineering of Korea (NAEK) in 1994 Expanded graduate schools greatly, especially in science and engineering fields Special Government Program to support Engineering Schools (’94-98) Special Government Program to support Graduate schools in science and engineering fields (1995-2000) Started evaluation system of universities for education and research (1992) Started Science/engineering Research Centers (SRC/ERC) in universities (supported group of professors with good research record for 9 years) in 1990 (KOSEF)

26. 26 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 6. Trend in the working sectors of Korean researchers

27. 27 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 7. Trend in the composition of Korean researchers

28. 28 Korean HRD Policies in 1990’s (Cont’d) Exemption of military-duty for science and engineering doctoral students and researchers Continued post-doc training program in foreign countries for Ph.D’s who obtained degree in science and engineering fields from domestic universities (KOSEF) On the average, 200 – 300 post-doc’s were trained in foreign countries every year Continued “Brain-Pool” program inviting foreign experts to Korea permanently or for a limited time (KOSEF) On the average, about 100 foreign Ph.D’s visited Korea every year utilizing this program  Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and Graduate Schools) Slight increase of Students in Science and Engineering fields in undergraduate level (see Fig. 8) More Rapid increase of Graduate students in science and engineering fields (see Fig.9) Research capability of universities were also greatly improved during this period (see Fig.10)  The number of Students going abroad to study Science and Engineering fields also increased rapidly (see Figure 5)

29. 29 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 8. Production of Bachelors in S&E fields from Domestic Universities in 1990's

30. 30 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 9. Production of Masters and Ph.D's in S & E fields from Domestic Universities in 1990's

31. 31

32. 32 Korean HRD Policies in 2000’s  Environments/Backgrounds Per Capita GNP : $10,804 (’00) → $20,050 (’07) Main Industry : IT Products (Semiconductors, Cellular phones, LCD), and others (Auto, Ship-building, etc) R & D focus : Develop Cutting-edge Technologies University R & D capabilities were greatly improved (see Fig. 11, Fig. 12)  Government Actions Started “Brain Korea 21” project to create world-class research universities (1 st phase :1999 – 2005, 2 nd phase : 2006 -2012). This project supports graduate students tuition and stipend, especially in science and engineering fields. Emphasized “Quality” of graduate education and academic research Emphasized “Globalization” in the university education and research Started “Creative Research Initiative”, which supports ~ 1 million USD annually to young and creative researchers up to 9 years Strengthen evaluation system of universities, both in education and research

33. 33 Fig. 11 Number of SCI papers produced in Korea

34. 34 Fig. 12 Top 40 Universities in the World in the Number of SCI Publications (Year 2006)

35. 35 Korean HRD Policies in 2000’s (Cont’d) Exemption of military-duty for science and engineering doctoral students and researchers Continued post-doc training program in foreign countries for Ph.D’s who obtained degree in science and engineering fields from domestic universities (KOSEF) On the average, 200 – 300 post-doc’s were trained in foreign countries every year Continued “Brain-Pool” program inviting foreign experts to Korea permanently or for a limited time (KOSEF) On the average, about 100 foreign Ph.D’s visited Korea every year utilizing this program  Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and Graduate Schools) The number of Students in Science and Engineering fields in undergraduate level stays almost constant in the last 5 years (see Fig. 13) Graduate students in science and engineering fields also maintained about the same level (see Fig.14) Research capability of universities continued to improve during this period  The number of Students going abroad to study somewhat increased

36. 36 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Figure 3 and 4 Fig 13. Production of Bachelors in S&E fields from Domestic Universities in 2000's

37. 37 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 14. Production of Masters and Ph.D's in S & E fields from Domestic Universities in 2000‘s

38. 38 4. Summary and Concluding Remarks

39. 39 Summary and Concluding Remarks  Korea relied on foreign universities for training Ph.D’s until around ~1980 Actively recruited Korean Ph.D’s trained in foreign countries to set up research capabilities of government laboratories and universities Established government research institutes (GRI’s) to concentrate the limited manpower and research fund, instead of distributing them to many universities These GRI’s performed most of R $ D in Korea, and helped industries to catch up with advanced technology of foreign countries  Korean government expanded domestic graduate schools and actively supported their research from ~1980 Korean government introduced many measures such as the exemption of military duty for graduate students in domestic universities Established grant systems to university professors to encourage research and the training of high level manpower Domestic universities started to produce increasing number of Ph.D’s in science and engineering fields in response to the need of private industry However, the number of students studying abroad also increased somewhat, and Kroean government and industry maintained recruiting program for Korean scientists and engineers (Doctorate Level) trained in foreign countries

40. 40 Thank you for your attention ! Se-Jung Oh, Ph. D. Tel. +82-2-880-6500 E-mail: sjoh@snu.ac.kr