1. Civil War and Unification

2. A new “national” integration? From warrior power to warrior rule or government, by 1600 New degree of political and economic control and integration New degree of awareness or self- understanding as part of “Japan”?

3. Askikaga era party scene, ca. 1400s

4. Ōnin War (1467-77)

5. Warring States Era: 1470s- 1570s No national hegemon Local warrior bands under petty lords (kokujin), sometimes headed by chieftain (daimyo) Independent cities Independent villages around religious affiliation (ikkō) In era of maximum decentralization: the foundations of new centralized order

6. Mature Daimyo (shokuhō) Mōri Motonari, ca. 1570 Contiguous, large domain Petty lords (kokujin) drawn off land Professional local administration Stable, semi- autonomous villages Rule from castle-town HQ, and commerce center 90% “new”

7. Oda Nobunaga (1534-82 ) Rise to power from 1567 Brutal, but also Great innovator of institutions of rule Village autonomy Systematic land survey and taxation Use of firearms Castle as symbol of power

8. Oda’s Expansion

9. Land survey

10. Battle of Nagashino, 1575 Destroys other daimyo Destroys Buddhist sects

11. Oda’s Azuchi Castle (era name: Azuchi- Momoyama)

12. Gifu Castle Himeji Castle Hikone Castle

13. Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-98) Peasant background General for Nobunaga Completes unification, 1582-90: conquest AND conciliation Policies: –sword hunt, –vassal relocation, –separation of farmers & warriors, –land survey, –invasions of Korea Dies in 1598; heir is young son

14. Hideyoshi’s Expansion

15. Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-98) New form of legitimation? Title of regent (kanpaku) taken in 1585, Grand Minister in 1587 Further ambition?

16. Hideyoshi’s Osaka Castle

17. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616)

18. Legitimacy via sacred identification Oda: promotes self as living God, identifies as “the realm” (tenka) Hideyoshi: Self-deification and equal to Emperor Legitimacy issue

19. Arrival of the Southern barbarians (nanban)

21. The advent of “Southern Barbarians” (Nanban)

22. These men are traders… they understand to a certain degree the distinction between superior and inferior, but I do not know whether they have a proper sense of ceremonial etiquette. They eat with their fingers instead of with chopsticks… they show their feelings without any self-control. They cannot understand the meaning of written characters. They have no fixed abode and barter things that they have for those they do not, but withal they are a harmless sort of people

23. They have rites and ceremonies so different from those of all other nations that it seems they deliberately try to be unlike any other people. The things which they do in this respect are beyond imagining and it may truly be said that Japan is a world the reverse of Europe; everything is so different and opposite that they are like us in practically nothing…. Now all this would not be surprising if they were like so many barbarians, but what astonishes me is that they behave as very prudent and cultured people in all these matters.

24. Missionary and convert

25. Hideyoshi: friendly at first Turns hostile in 1587 with first “expulsion” order But tolerates Christian presence Indigenized imagery

26. Conclusions/Questions Unification by –Terror and force –Conciliation backed by force –Institutional innovation –Legitimizing strategies A cycling back to early era of centralized rule? A new level of national integration? Great men’s achievements or riding the wave of structural transformation?