1. Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper Taiwan Forestry Research Institute Chin-Yin Hwang 2007 IUFRO ALL DIVISION 5 CONFERENCE 11-02-2007 Taipei, Taiwan

2. Some Statistics..... 1 Waste Paper Recovery Rate in Taiwan (Taiwan Paper Industry Association, 2007) 69.7

3. Paper Recycling Procedures.... 1  Collection  Classification  Disintegration  Washing  Deinking  Cleansing  Bleaching  Forming  Drying 2

4. Some Questions..... 3

5.  Is there other options for Paper Recycling? 3

6. Some Questions.....  Is there other options for Paper Recycling?  Can other materials be reclaimed from the waste stream and combined with waste papers? 3

7. Some Questions.....  Is there other options for Paper Recycling?  Can other materials be reclaimed from the waste stream and combined with waste papers?  Is woodfiber plastic composites a possibility? 3

8. Some Problems with Woodfiber Plastic Composites Reduction in Composite Strength Inherent H Bond Agglomeration of wood fibers Heterogeneous fiber dispersion Inferior interfacial adhesion Vigorous mixing Reduced fiber aspect ratio Reduced fiber strength 4

9. Why Paper-Plastic Laminates? Avoid elaborated paper recycling procedures…. Reduce agglomeration b/w fiber and plastic Preserve aspect ratio of fiber Preserve H-bond of paper 5

10. How PPL is Made? ＋ Interleaving Hot Press ＋ Impregnation or Coating Sheet Formation ＋ 6

11. How PPL is Made? ＋ Interleaving Hot Press ＋ Impregnation or Coating Sheet Formation ＋ 6

12. Material Paper: office paper Plastic: PE films, 0.03mm, 0.06mm, 0.09mm NP, Not-Printed P, Printed V, Virgin R, Recycled 7

13. Factors of Interest..... Paper type (P, NP) Plastic type (V, R) Plastic film thickness (0.03, 0.06, 0.09 mm) 8

14. Methods: preparation ＋ OVENOVEN NP-R-3 NP-R-6 NP-R-9 NP-V-3 NP-V-6 NP-V-9 P-R-3 P-R-6 P-R-9 P-V-3 P-V-6 P-V-9 HPHP ILIL 9

15. Typical Hot Press Scheme 10 cool off

16. Methods: Flexural Properties (MORb, MOEb) Tensile Properties (MORt, MOEt) Notched Izod Impact Bending Hardness (Shore D) Heat Deflection Temperature Mechanical Properties 11

17. Sample Preparation Scheme Flexural Izod Hardness Tensile HDT 12

18. Resulting PPLs 13 Treatment combination: 12 Replicate: 5 Sp/Gr: 0.93 to 1.05 gm cm -3 Compaction ratio: 1.17 to 1.23 Fiber loading: 48, 60, and 72%

19. Flexural Properties - MORb 44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa, overall avg 56.1 MPa 14

20. Flexural Properties - MORb 44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa, overall avg 56.1 MPa 14 Different trends with different plastic groups NP-R, P-R decreased with increasing plastic film thickness NP-V, P-V showed highest MORb at 0.06mm

21. Flexural Properties - MORb 44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa 14 44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa, overall avg 56.1 MPa PPL 39.1~56.2 MPa (Michell et al. (1978) )

22. Flexural Properties - MORb 44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa 14 44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa, overall avg 56.1 MPa 5.9~39.6 MPa (Woodfiber-PE composites)

23. Flexural Properties - MORb 44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa 14 44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa, overall avg 56.1 MPa 5.9~39.6 MPa (Woodfiber-PE composites) 1.41 times

24. Flexural Properties - MOEb 4.2 ~ 7.3 GPa, overall avg 5.39 GPa 15

25. Flexural Properties - MOEb 4.2 ~ 7.3 GPa, overall avg 5.39 GPa 15 Similar trends with the corresponding MORb results, except that P-V remained unaffected at all PLFT levels. i.e., NP-R, P-R decreased with increasing plastic film thickness NP-V showed highest MOEb at 0.06mm

26. Flexural Properties - MOEb 4.2 ~ 7.3 GPa, overall avg 5.39 GPa 15 PPL 5.8~7.6 GPa (Michell et al. (1978) )

27. Flexural Properties - MOEb 4.2 ~ 7.3 GPa, overall avg 5.39 GPa 15 0.8~3.6 GPa (Woodfiber-PE composites)

28. Flexural Properties - MOEb 4.2 ~ 7.3 GPa, overall avg 5.39 GPa 15 0.8~3.6 GPa (Woodfiber-PE composites) 1.49 times

29. Tensile Properties - MORt 16 30.4 and 56.9 MPa, overall avg 39.9 MPa

30. Tensile Properties - MORt 16 30.4 and 56.9 MPa, overall avg 39.9 MPa Different trends with different paper types NP-V, NP-R decreased with increasing plastic film thickness P-V, P-R showed highest MORt at 0.06 mm

31. Tensile Properties - MORt 16 30.4 and 56.9 MPa, overall avg 39.9 MPa 10.0~27.0 MPa (Woodfiber-PE composites)

32. Tensile Properties - MORt 16 30.4 and 56.9 MPa, overall avg 39.9 MPa 10.0~27.0 MPa (Woodfiber-PE composites)

33. Tensile Properties - MORt 16 30.4 and 56.9 MPa, overall avg 39.9 MPa 10.0~27.0 MPa (Woodfiber-PE composites) 1.48 times

34. Tensile Properties - MOEt 17 45.6 ~86.2 GPa, overall avg 62.4GPa

35. Tensile Properties - MOEt 17 45.6 ~86.2 GPa, overall avg 62.4GPa No specific trend was found

36. Tensile Properties - MOEt 17 45.6 ~86.2 GPa, overall avg 62.4GPa 1.0~2.7 GPa (Woodfiber-PE composites)

37. Tensile Properties - MOEt 17 45.6 ~86.2 GPa, overall avg 62.4GPa 1.0~2.7 GPa (Woodfiber-PE composites) 23 times ???

38. Notched Izod Impact Properties 18 139.2~371.0 J/ m

39. Notched Izod Impact Properties 18 139.2~371.0 J/ m Different trends with different paper types NP-V, NP-R showed highest Izod at 0.06 mm P-V, P-R showed no specific trend

40. Notched Izod Impact Properties 18 139.2~371.0 J/ m 14~27 J/m (Woodfiber-PE composites)

41. Notched Izod Impact Properties 18 139.2~371.0 J/ m 14~27 J/m (Woodfiber-PE composites) >5 times

42. Hardness 19 64.2 ~72.6 50 Shore D Commercial LDPE

43. Hardness 19 64.2 ~72.6 50 Shore D Commercial LDPE Different trends with different paper types NP-V, NP-R showed lowest hardness at 0.09 mm P-V, P-R seemed to converge at 0.06 mm

44. Heat Deflection Temperature 20 HTD of LDPE: 47.0~50.0 ℃ 121.6 ~130.0

45. Limitations 21 Size and shape (length, width, thickness) Processability (higher stiffness, HDT) Anisotropy Durability unknown Applications

46. Conclusion 22 MORb, MOEb, MORt,and Izod of PPLs were better than reported WPCs. The PPLs prepared in this study exhibited 1.5-times the flexural strength and stiffness and 5-times the notched Izod impact strength over extruded woodflour-plastic composites. Except for tensile stiffness, all the other mechanical properties of the PPLs were affected by interactions among the 3 factors.

47. Conclusion 22 PPLs with the same plastic type tended to show similar trends in flexural properties, whereas PPLs with the same paper type tended to exhibit similar trends in tensile strength at break, Izod impact strength, and hardness.

48. Conclusion 22 These results indicate that PPLs may be a viable alternative method of paper recycling. However, further studies to address the long-term performance of PPLs under extreme conditions are recommended. Feasibility of developing PPL as a paper recycling alternative seems to be encouraging.

49. tHE eND Questions?