1. Molecular Tools: Molecular Separations *Gel Electrophoresis

2. Molecular Tools: Molecular Separations *Gel Electrophoresis *One- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins

3. Molecular Tools: Molecular Separations *Gel Filtration Chromatography

4. Molecular Tools: Labeled Tracers *Autoradiography *Phosphorimaging

5. Molecular Tools: Nonradioactive Tracers

6. Molecular Tools: Nucleic Acid Hybridization * Southern Blots H E B P1 P2a P2b P3 23.1 9.45 6.56 4.35 2.32 2.02 0.56 kb

7. Molecular Tools: Nucleic Acid Hybridization *DNA Fingerprinting/Typing

8. Molecular Tools: Nucleic Acid Hybridization *In Situ Hybridization Glycogen phosphorylase gene Minisatellite Telomeres Sykorova, et al. (2006) Am. J. Bot. 93(6) 814-823

9. SDS-PAGE Isolate Ribosomes P3 S6 Incubate with Antisera Transfer to nitrocellulose Y Y Molecular Tools: Immunoblots (Western Blots)

10. Molecular Tools: Sanger dideoxy DNA sequencing

11. Molecular Tools: Pyrosequencing (454 sequencing)

12. Molecular Tools: Site-Directed Mutagenesis

13. Molecular Tools: Northern Blots P1 P2a P2b P3 18 S rRNA Ear Leaf Coleoptile Root Silk Pollen 15 20 25 15 20 25 15 20 25 Embryo Aleurone Endosperm DPP

14. Fig. 5.34 Molecular Tools: Quantitative PCR concepts

15. Molecular Tools: Quantitative PCR quantification

16. Molecular Tools: Reporter Gene Transcription