1. Heating Profiles Associated with Deep Convection Estimated from TRMM and Future Satellites Robert Houze University of Washington 19th Scientific Steering Group Session of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment, January 23, 2007, Honolulu, HI Wei-Kuo Tao Goddard Space Flight Center

2. Relationship of Cloud Water Budgets to Heating Profile Calculations Austin and Houze 1973 Houze et al. 1980 Houze 1982, 1989 Takayabu 2002 Shige et al. 2006 Relationship of Cloud Water Budgets to Heating Profile Calculations Austin and Houze 1973 Houze et al. 1980 Houze 1982, 1989 Takayabu 2002 Shige et al. 2006 Latent heating only Total heating

3. Houze 1982PREMISE Can also relate all components of heating profiles to water budget of convective clouds Total Heating = Latent + Eddy + Radiative Houze 1982PREMISE Can also relate all components of heating profiles to water budget of convective clouds Total Heating = Latent + Eddy + Radiative

4. Idealized life cycle of tropical MCS Houze 1982

5. Conv. LHStrat. LH Rad. Conv. Eddy Strat. Eddy Contributions to Total Heating by Convective Cloud System Houze 1982

6. TOTAL HEATING These combine to give “top-heavy” heating profile Houze 1982 Includes latent, eddy, and radiative  “top heavy”

7. Think of the following schematic as a composite of the water budget of an MCS over its whole life cycle After Houze et al. (1980) AcAc AsAs

8. Stratiform water budget equation Rain not simply related to condensation AsAs AsAs AcAc

9. Convective region water budget equation AsAs AsAs AcAc

10. Sum over all cloud height categories i For each height category i with the constraint (each height cat.) “Spectral Method” …Shige et al. AsAs AsAs AcAc

11. TRMM Latent Heating Workshops 1st Workshop: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, May 10-11 2001 (W. Olson, R. Johnson and W.-K. Tao) 18 participants 2nd Workshop: NCAR Boulder CO, October 10-11 2001 (M. Moncrieff, A. Hou and W.-K. Tao) ~ 30 participants after 9.11 3rd Workshop: Nara Japan, September 10-11 2004 (E. Smith, S. Shige and W.-K. Tao) 20 participants 4th Workshop: Seattle Washington, May 17-19 2006 (R. Houze, E. Smith and W.-K. Tao) 26 participants Tao, W.-K., R. Houze, Jr., and E. Smith, 2007: Summary of the 4 th TRMM Latent Heating Workshop, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., (submitted)

12. Heat Budget Latent HeatingEddy fluxes At a level z Radiation Total heating NOTE: P c & P s provide a constraint when determining LH(z) Vertically integrated ConvectiveStratiform = + + LH(z) Can’t measure directly

13. TRMM Observations Precipitation Radar (PR) —P c, P s, Echo Height TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI)—multifrequency microwave radiances LH algorithms designed to be physically consistent with some combination of these observations

14. Five Different Latent Heating Algorithms Convective - Stratiform Heating - CSH (Tao/Lang et al. 1993, 2000) PR* or TMI* (Cloud model generated look-up table) Spectral Latent Heating - SLH (Shige/Takayabu et al. 2003, 2006) PR (Cloud model generated look-up table) Goddard Profiling - GPROF (Olson et al. 1999, 2006) TMI or PR/TMI Combined (Cloud model generated look-up table) Hydrometeor Heating - HH (Yang/Smith et al. 1999) PR or PR/TMI Combined (Hydrometeor mass conservation) Precipitation Radar Heating - PRH (Satoh/Noda 2001) PR (Hydrometeor mass conservation)  

15. How do we validate latent heating algorithms? Check consistency of derived latent heating profiles with total heating determined from soundings.

16. Soundings  Total Heating, Q 1 Yanai et al. 1973, and others

17. Testbeds SCSMEXLBA ARM SGP ARM KWAJEX

18. At testbed sites: Determined Q1 profiles from soundings Checked consistency with CRM Q1 with sounding data Checked consistency of algorithm Q1 or LH with sounding data

19. Zhang, Johnson, Schumacher LBA SCSMEX KWAJEX Mean profiles at testbed sites

20. Workshop Results CSH & SLH similar for all four testbeds QRQR QRQR CRM SimulatedRetrieved & Observed SCSMEX Result Eddy Q1Q1 LH OBS CSH SLH

21. Improve NWP (Rajendran et al. 2004) Validate Climate Model (Chen, Del Genio, Chen, 2006) Assimilate Q 1 heating profiles into Global Model(Hou and Zhang 2006) Recent Applications

22. Rajendran et al. (2004, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan) 72-Hour Forecast withECPS(FSU-GSMT126L14) Rain (satellite observations): 8 February 1998 (12 UTC) 0 2 5 10 15 20 35 (mm day ) GM 60E 120E IDL120W 6OW GM GM 60E 120E IDL120W 6OW GM 72-Hour Forecast Control Run (FSU-GSMT126L14) GM 60E 120E IDL120W 6OW GM 45N 30N 15N EQ 15S 30S 45S 45N 30N 15N EQ 15S 30S 45S 45N 30N 15N EQ 15S 30S 45S Improved 72 h forecast GPCP With LH algorithm Control

23. Chen, Del Genio, Chen (2006, J. Climate) GISS CSH MeanAnomalies Climate Model Validation Mean & ENSO 1998 DJF anomalies at altitude of peak latent heating for the CSH product & GCM

24. Current Products Available in TSDIS (Experimental) CSH (3A25 - PR) - 0.5 x 0.5 degree, Monthly GPROF (2A12 - TMI) - Orbital, Instantaneous HH (2B31 - Combined) - Orbital, Instantaneous 0.5 x 0.5 degree from daily - weekly - seasonal Convective and Stratiform region Regimes (e.g., African Monsoon) 19 vertical layers: 0.5, 1, 2, ……….18 km LH, Q 1 -Q R and Q 1 Latent Heating Products (Beta - V1 in 2007)

25. 5th TRMM/GPM Latent Heating Workshop (April or May 2007 - DC Area) Soliciting the requirements from large-scale modeling and dynamic community

26. Latent heating profiles Can be determined if the cloud water budget parameters are known But radiative heating profiles Also related through the cloud water budget

27. AsAs AsAs AcAc  X AC  Z AC Dimensions and hydrometeor content of anvils are determined by the cloud dynamics IWC Recall

28. Using empirically derived values of the water budget parameters b and  s, the stratiform regions’ anvil mass is proportional to the stratiform rain A s =(bR s )/  s 200 hPa streamfunction response to CRF assumed proportional to TRMM rain by Schumacher et al. (2004) 400 hPa K/day

29. Summary Algorithms for determining LH(z) are being developed by TRMM/GPM community, experimental products in TSDIS Profiles of latent heating, eddy, and radiative heating profiles not independent but rather closely interrelated through cloud water budgets. Cloud water budget is a powerful way to determine the consistency of latent, radiative, and eddy heating. If latent and radiative heating determined independently, physical inconsistencies could arise. Cloud water budget provides a means for establishing consistency. Water budget parameters need to be determined--via field studies supported by high resolution modeling Algorithms for determining LH(z) are being developed by TRMM/GPM community, experimental products in TSDIS Profiles of latent heating, eddy, and radiative heating profiles not independent but rather closely interrelated through cloud water budgets. Cloud water budget is a powerful way to determine the consistency of latent, radiative, and eddy heating. If latent and radiative heating determined independently, physical inconsistencies could arise. Cloud water budget provides a means for establishing consistency. Water budget parameters need to be determined--via field studies supported by high resolution modeling

30. Thank you!