1. Cross section for scattering particle (mass,m; charge, Z 1 e) by a screened Coulomb potential (source,Z 2 e of  infinite mass) In the limit a  (no screening) this reduces to Rutherford’s scattering formula

2. Fermi’s Golden Rule (see Gasiorowicz) using (1-cos  )=sin2(  /2) 1212 Using E=p 2 /2m (the classical expression) for the incoming particle

3. Breakdown of Rutherford Scattering formula When an incident  particle gets close enough to the target Pb nucleus so that they interact through the nuclear force (in addition to the Coulomb force that acts when they are further apart) the Rutherford formula no longer holds. The point at which this breakdown occurs gives a measure of the size of the nucleus. R.M.Eisberg and C.E.Porter Rev. Mod. Phys, 33, 190 (1961)

4. Radial probability distributions for a particle in a Coulomb potential (hydrogenic atom). Note the probability vanishes at r=0.

5. 40 Ca 12 C 16 O

10. Charge density distribution for lead deduced from electron scattering