1. Allowances INSY 3021 Auburn University Spring 2007

2. Uses Accounts for interruptions, delays, and slowdown in the workplace Must be both accurate and correct Can be calculated by Production Study or Work Sampling

3. Production Study Requires complete observation over a long period of time Record specific instances of Non- Value Added Activity Data must be adjusted to the normal performance level Long, tedious (technician & operator), results may be biased

5. Work Sampling Requires a large # of random observations Frees the technician to perform other duties No use of a stopwatch is necessary Technician simply records what each operator is doing Yields an approximation

6. Work Sampling Shortfalls Analyst should not anticipate observations Confine observations to predetermined subjects Study accuracy depends on both the number of observations and the sample scheduling

8. Personal Needs Those interruptions necessary to the general well-being of the employee Trips to water fountain, restroom, etc… Can be a function of the working environment Typically 5%

9. Basic Fatigue Accounts for the energy expenditure to perform the given work Typically 4% under Normal Conditions

10. Variable Fatigue Lessening of the will to work Can be mental or physical, or a combined effect Factors include: Noise, heat, humidity, posture, muscular exertion, tediousness, general health of the worker Can be directly measured by declining output production over the course of the day

11. Primary Considerations Abnormal posture: sitting Vs..standing Vs. bending Vs Muscular force: time Vs. exertion level; recovery Atmospheric conditions Noise and Illumination levels Visual & mental strain Monotony and Tediousness

12. Unavoidable Delays Interruptions from: supervisor, dispatcher, time study technician, material faults, interference from servicing multiple machines

13. Avoidable Delays Social visits Day-dreaming Idleness Unnecessary work interruptions

15. Policy Allowances Different performance under exceptional circumstances ADA, new-employees, light duty, elderly, etc…

16. Allowances Typically about 15% Personal interruptions Fatigue Unavoidable delay Standard Time (ST) ST = NT (1 + allowances)

17. Questions & Comments