1. Why teach in the target language?

2. rich input (Chaudron, 1988) “a high quantity of input directed at the learner” (Ellis, 1985) It provides….

3. Status of the TL (Littlewood, 1981; Clark, 1991) It maintains the….

4. “communicative pressure” (Doughty & Varela, 1998) It creates…. … which pushes learners’ output (Swain, 1995)

5. “communicative success” (Ushioda, 1996) It creates….

6. “testing hypotheses” (Swain, 1995; Harley, 1998) It helps pupil with….

7. “topicalisation” (Slimani, 1989) “agency” (van Lier, 2008) It creates the conditions for pupils to say what they want to say

8. It facilitates the transfer of language across topics “variable encoding”(Yalden, 1987)

9. I want to re-affirm a basic belief that learners’ use of the TL is conducive to successful learning… The over- arching pedagogical tool should, therefore, be learners’ use of the TL, not teacher use of the TL” (Macaro, 2000, emphasis added) … but the main focus should be pupil target language use….: