1. Religious Life before the Renaissance

3. Layers Papacy Papacy University University Religious orders Religious orders Laity, parish life Laity, parish life

4. Papacy Reforms of Greg VII, 1070s-1080s Reforms of Greg VII, 1070s-1080s Simony, nepotism, “priests’ wives”, lay investiture Simony, nepotism, “priests’ wives”, lay investiture Huge growth in Vatican centralized offices Huge growth in Vatican centralized offices Growth in power, 400s to 1300s Growth in power, 400s to 1300s Apex: Innocent III (r. 1198-1216), Boniface VIII (1302) Apex: Innocent III (r. 1198-1216), Boniface VIII (1302) Mutual fight with political powers Mutual fight with political powers Avignon, 1309-1977 Avignon, 1309-1977 Great Schism, 1378-1417 Great Schism, 1378-1417 Renaissance popes Renaissance popes Alexander VI Alexander VI Julius II Julius II Leo X Leo X

5. University Houses of religious orders Houses of religious orders Very different education than parish priests got Very different education than parish priests got Scholastic theology Scholastic theology Located at “schools” Located at “schools” Revolutionized by re-discovery of Aristotle, use of philosophy Revolutionized by re-discovery of Aristotle, use of philosophy Focused on debate, questions, speculation Focused on debate, questions, speculation Apex: Thomas Aquinas (1226-1274) Apex: Thomas Aquinas (1226-1274) Late medieval theology: increasingly arcane Late medieval theology: increasingly arcane

6. Religious Orders Flourished in Middle Ages Flourished in Middle Ages New forms of life: mendicants, third orders, confraternities, beguines New forms of life: mendicants, third orders, confraternities, beguines Often revitalized spirituality Often revitalized spirituality Opportunities for women Opportunities for women Monasteries had up to 1/3 of land Monasteries had up to 1/3 of land Rich and poor members Rich and poor members “surplus” children given early in life “surplus” children given early in life Also easily corrupted (“get thee to a nunnery”) Also easily corrupted (“get thee to a nunnery”)

7. Laity Mass and the eucharist Mass and the eucharist Usually not received (1x/yr) Usually not received (1x/yr) But looked at But looked at Latin “hocus pocus”: Hoc est corpus meum Latin “hocus pocus”: Hoc est corpus meum Works of piety Works of piety Rogation days, feasts and fasts Rogation days, feasts and fasts Pilgrimage Pilgrimage Relics Relics Indulgences Indulgences

8. Reformers before 1517 Pope Gregory VII Pope Gregory VII Council of Florence (1414-1418) Council of Florence (1414-1418) John Wycliffe (d. 1384) John Wycliffe (d. 1384) Jan Hus (d. 1415) Jan Hus (d. 1415) Girolamo Savanarola (d. 1498) Girolamo Savanarola (d. 1498)