1. Bones and Skeletal Tissues Exercise 9

2. Contains no blood vessels or nerves
Skeletal Cartilage
Contains no blood vessels or nerves
Surrounded by the perichondrium (dense irregular connective tissue) that resists outward expansion
Three types – hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

3. Bones and Cartilages of the Human Body
Figure 6.1

4. Classification of Bones
Axial skeleton – bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
Appendicular skeleton – bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip

5. Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as:
Bone Markings
Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as:
Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
Joint surfaces
Conduits for blood vessels and nerves

6. Bone Markings: Projections – Sites of Muscle and Ligament Attachment
Tuberosity – rounded projection
Crest – narrow, prominent ridge of bone
Trochanter – large, blunt, irregular surface
Line – narrow ridge of bone

7. Bone Markings: Projections – Sites of Muscle and Ligament Attachment
Tubercle – small rounded projection
Epicondyle – raised area above a condyle
Spine – sharp, slender projection
Process – any bony prominence

8. Bone Markings: Projections – Projections That Help to Form Joints
Head – bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Facet – smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Condyle – rounded articular projection
Ramus – armlike bar of bone

9. Bone Markings: Depressions and Openings
Meatus – canal-like passageway
Sinus – cavity within a bone
Fossa – shallow, basinlike depression
Groove – furrow
Fissure – narrow, slitlike opening
Foramen – round or oval opening through a bone

10. Gross Anatomy of Bones: Bone Textures
Compact bone – dense outer layer
Spongy bone – honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow

11. Long bones consist of a diaphysis and an epiphysis Diaphysis
Structure of Long Bone
Long bones consist of a diaphysis and an epiphysis
Diaphysis
Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones
Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity
Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity

12. Structure of Long Bone
Figure 6.3

13. Periosteum – double-layered protective membrane
Bone Membranes
Periosteum – double-layered protective membrane
Outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective tissue
Inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina
Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers
Endosteum – delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone

14. Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone (diploë) on the inside
Have no diaphysis or epiphyses
Contain bone marrow between the trabeculae

15. Structure of a Flat Bone
Figure 6.4

16. Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow)
In infants
Found in the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone
In adults
Found in the diploë of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus

17. Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone
Osteocytes – mature bone cells
Lacunae – small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
Canaliculi – hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

18. Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone
Figure 6.6a, b

19. Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic
Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells
Osteocytes – mature bone cells
Osteoclasts – large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix
Osteoid – unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen

20. Chemical Composition of Bone: Inorganic
Hydroxyapatites, or mineral salts
Sixty-five percent of bone by mass
Mainly calcium phosphates
Responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression

21. Common Types of Fractures
Table 6.2.1

22. Common Types of Fractures
Table 6.2.2

23. Common Types of Fractures
Table 6.2.3