1. Mining Graphs with Constrains on Symmetry and Diameter Natalia Vanetik Deutsche Telecom Laboratories at Ben-Gurion University IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 1

2. Graph mining (1) Problem statement IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 2

3. Graph mining (2) Motivation Graphs are everywhere – Chemical compounds (Cheminformatics) – Protein structures, biological pathways/networks (Bioinformactics) – Program control flow, traffic flow, and workflow analysis – XML databases, Web, and social network analysis Graph is a general model – Trees, lattices, sequences, and items are degenerated graphs Diversity of graphs – Directed vs. undirected, labeled vs. unlabeled (edges & vertices), weighted, with angles & geometry (topological vs. 2-D/3-D) Complexity of algorithms : many problems are of high complexity (NP complete or even P-SPACE !) IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 3

4. Graphs, graphs, everywhere Aspirin Yeast protein interaction network from H. Jeong et al Nature 411, 41 (2001) Internet Co-author network

5. Constraints: diameter Diameter d(G) of a graph G is the maximum among minimal distances between pairs of its vertices. d(G)=1 implies that G is complete. d(G)=  implies that G is not connected. IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 5 d(G)=1d(G)=2 d(G)= 

6. Constraints: symmetry Symmetries of a graph G are determines by its automorphism group Aut(G). Aut(G) is a permutation group. Largest possible automorphism group for a graph of size n is S n, which has order n! IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 6 Aut(G)=S 5 Aut(G)=S 3 Aut(G)=D 5 Aut(G)=S 5

7. Measuring symmetry and diameter (1) Graph diameter is computable in polynomial time. Automorphism group of a graph is not likely to be computable in polynomial time. – Best known algorithm: Nauty by B. McKay, outputs a set of generators of Aut(G). Intuitively, graphs with smaller diameter and higher symmetry are more interesting. IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 7 d(G)=2d(G)=3

8. Measuring symmetry and diameter (2) Symmetry is harder to measure. Observation: maximum symmetry of a graph is achieved when is automorphism group is the symmetric group of order equal to the size of a graph. Suggestion: measure symmetry of G as IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 8 s(G)=|S 5 |/|S 5 |=1s(G)=|S 3 |/|S 5 |= 1/20s(G)=|D 5 |/|S 5 |= 1/12

9. Tree decomposition of a graph Let G=(V,E) be a graph. Tree T is called a tree decomposition of G if – Nodes of T are subsets X 1,…,X n  V such that X 1  …  X n =V – If node v  X i  X j, then every node X k of T on the path from X i to X j contains v as well. – For every edge e=(v,u) there exists i so that u,v  X i. IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 9 12 4 3 G 12 3 4 12 4 2 3 4 T 1 ={{1,2,3,4},  } T 2 ={{1,2,4},{2,3,4}}, {({1,2,4},{2,3,4})}}

10. Minimal tree decomposition Width of a tree decomposition T is (max i |X i |)-1. Minimum width among all tree decomposition is called tree width of a graph. Tree width equals maximum clique size minus 1. Tree decomposition of minimum width is called minimal tree decomposition. Computing minimal tree decomposition is NP-hard problem as it contains the problem of finding all maximum cliques in a graph. IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 10

11. Different tree decompositions IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 11 123 5 4 67 8 12 8 24 6 8 2 3 4 8 7 6 4 5 6 12 8 8 7 6 2 6 8 2 4 6 2 3 4 4 5 6 Minimal tree decomposition Non-minimal tree decomposition

12. Intuition behind the proposed algorithm 1.Compute the finest tree decomposition possible for every DB transaction under given time constraints. 2.Use basic pattern growing algorithm, such as FSG or gSpan to extend instances of frequent patterns. 3.Every time an instance of a frequent pattern is extended by an edge of a node a.Compute its diameter and symmetry estimates based on pattern’s position within tree decomposition of a DB transaction; b.if one of the estimates is lower than user-specified symmetry or diameter constraints, remove patterns instance from instance list, c.otherwise, keep the instance in the list. d.If the count of instances is higher than support bound, this is a frequent pattern. IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 12

13. How does it work? Let T be tree decomposition of DB graph transaction t. Let G  t be an instance of a candidate pattern. Let T G =(V G,E G )  T be minimal subtree of T containing G. Claim 1. d(G)  d(T G ). Claim 2. s(G)≤(|LAut(T G )|  X  V G |X\E G |!  e  E G |e|!)/|G|! where LAut is automorphism group of T G viewed as tree where each node X is labeled by |X|. IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 13

14. Example (1) IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 14 123 5 4 67 8 12 8 8 7 6 2 6 8 2 4 6 2 3 4 4 5 6 Pattern instance and corresponding subtree of minimal Tree decomposition Diameter is at least 1Diameter is at least 2

15. Example (2) IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 15 123 5 4 67 8 12 8 8 7 6 2 6 8 2 4 6 2 3 4 4 5 6 Pattern instance and corresponding subtree of minimal Tree decomposition Symmetry is at most 1Symmetry is at most 2*2!*1!*1!/4!=1/6

16. Properties of estimates IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 16

17. The algorithm IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 17

18. Correctness IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 18

19. Complexity concerns IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 19

20. Test results (symmetry) IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 20

21. Test results (symmetry) IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 21

22. Test results (symmetry) IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 22

23. Test results (diameter) IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 23

24. Test results (diameter) IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 24

25. Test results (diameter) IWGD10 workshop July 14th, 2010 Jiuzhaigou, China 25