1. X-ray Emission from PNe Martín A. Guerrero You-Hua Chu Robert A. Gruendl Univ. of Illinois APN III, Mt Rainier, 7/30/03

2. X-ray Expectations In a simple, adiabatic shock, it is possible to generate X-ray emitting plasma: T X ~ 1.5  10 7 K (v/1000 km/s) 2 PN central stars have fast stellar winds with terminal velocities up to 4,000 km/s ==> T X ~ 10 8 K PNe show fast collimated outflows with velocities >1,000 km/s (e.g. Hen 3-1475) ==> T X ~ 10 7 K Coronal activity from AGB stars or binary companions

3. ROSAT Observations of PNe ROSAT made useful observations of >60 PNe (Guerrero, Chu, & Gruendl 2000) Only three PNe were marginally resolved A 30 -- Chu et al. 1997 BD +30º3639 -- Leahy et al. 2000 NGC 6543 -- Kreysing et al. 1992 Two additional PNe showed a hard X-ray component NGC 7293 -- Leahy et al. 1994 NGC 7009 -- Guerrero et al. 2000 Chandra spatial resolution -- 15 times sharper XMM collecting area -- 15 times larger Spectral resolution -- 10 times better

4. Chandra and XMM Observations of PNe 3(4?) detections of point sources at the central star NGC 6543, NGC 7293 -- Guerrero et al. 2001 Mz 3 -- Kastner et al. 2003 Hen 3-1475 (?) -- this talk Chandra and XMM observations of 14 PNe 6 detections of diffuse X-ray emission BD+30 3639 -- Kastner et al. 2000 NGC 6543 -- Chu et al. 2001 NGC 7027 -- Kastner et al. 2001 NGC 7009 -- Guerrero et al. 2002 Mz 3 -- Kastner et al. 2003 Hen 3-1475 -- Sahai, this meeting 4 non-detections of diffuse X-ray emission Hen 2-90, M 1-16, NGC 246, NGC 7293

5. NGC 6543 -- Chu et al. 2001; Guerrero et al. 2001 B = X-ray, R= H-alpha, G = [N II] PNe with Diffuse X-ray Emission

6. NGC 7009 -- Guerrero et al. 2002 PNe with Diffuse X-ray Emission

7. BD+30 3639 Kastner, Soker, Vrtilek, & Dgani 2000 NGC 7027 Kastner, Vrtilek, & Soker 2001

8. PNe with Diffuse X-ray Emission Mz 3 -- Kastner et al. 2003

9. PNe with Diffuse X-ray Emission Hen 3-1475, Sahai (this meeting)

10. PNe with Diffuse X-ray Emission

11. X-ray Spectra of Hot Gas in PNe NGC 7009 T=1.7  10 6 K Hen 3-1475 T=2.4  10 6 K=>400 km s -1 NGC 6543 T=1.8  10 6 K BD+30 3639 T=3.0  10 6 K NGC 7027 T=3  10 6 K Mz 3 T=3-6  10 6 K

12. Morphology L X (erg/s) T (10 6 K) N (cm -3 ) NGC 7009 -- ~3  10 31 1.7 20 NGC 6543 limb-bright. 1.0  10 32 1.8 50 NGC 7027 bipolar? ~ 10 32 ~3 150 BD+30 3639 -- 1.3  10 32 3 200 Mz 3 bipolar-jet? 3  10 31 3-6 -- Hen 3-1475 -- ~10 33 2.4 -- Chandra and XMM-Newton Analysis of PNe

13. PNe without Diffuse X-ray Emission … PNe with modest velocity collimated outflows: Hen 2-90, M 1-16 Evolved PNe: NGC 246, NGC 7293 … but NGC 7293 central star!

14. … and also a Symbiotic Star with Bipolar Nebula Hen 2-104

15. PNe with X-ray-emitting Central Stars Chandra revealed hard X-ray point sources at the central stars of NGC 7293 and NGC 6543 (Guerrero et al. 2001) NGC 7293 central star shows variability in X-rays, as well as in the H-alpha line (Gruendl et al. 2001) Coronal activity from an unseen companion star (Guerrero et al. 2001; Soker & Kastner 2002) NGC 6543: a companion star or shocks in its fast stellar wind More recently, Mz 3 (Kastner et al. 2003), and maybe Hen 3-1475

16. X-rays from PNe in a Nutshell (so far) Sharp shell morphology Young PNe (X-rays don’t last long) Central stars Fast collimated outflows (I mean, real fast) Something is going on along the major axis 4 more PNe have been observed by Chandra and 12 more will be observed by Chandra and XMM

17. Circumstellar Bubble Basic Model

18. O +5,N +4 X-ray Adiabatic shock Adopted from Weaver et al. (1977) for a 10 6 yr old O7 star Isothermal shock

19. Normalized radius  T 2001 Pittard, Dyson, & Hartquist 2001 Pittard, Hartquist, & Dyson Mass-loading and Ablation in Bubble Interiors Normalized radius

20. X-ray Spectra of Hot Gas in PNe

21. NGC 6888 S 308 Morphology limb-brightened? limb-brightened? L X (erg/s) 1.6  10 34 ~ 4  10 33 T (10 6 K) ~ 2 1.5, 28 (2.4 : 1) ASCA T 1.5, 8 Wrigge et al. 1994 Wrigge 1999 ROSAT and ASCA Analysis of WR Bubbles

22. S 308 R - H  G - [O III] B - X-rays

23. R - H  G - [O III] B - X-rays Chandra Image of NGC 6888

24. R - H  G - [O III] B - X-rays S 308 and NGC 6888, two of a kind?

25. X-ray Spectra of Hot Gas in WR Bubbles Enhanced N/O - stellar wind or nebular? No hard component is needed. Previous claims are due to unresolved point sources.

26. M 17 Rosette Nebula L X (erg/s) 4  10 33 8  10 32 T (10 6 K) 1.5, 7 0.7, 9.3 ( 1:8.5 ) ( 1:3) N (cm -3 ) 0.06-0.3 0.1 M (M  ) ~1 0.04 The low L X reveals the effects of a strong magnetic field. Chandra Analysis of Superbubbles

27. X-ray Observations of Bubbles Detection of shocked fast stellar winds - 5 PNe, 2 WR bubbles, 2 HII regions Properties of the hot gas: T e [10 6 K ] N e [cm -3 ] L X [erg/s] PN 2-3  10 6 20-200 10 31  10 32 WR 1-2  10 6 10 10 33  10 34 HII (1-10)  10 6 low 10 33