2. Anatomy: The study if the structure of an organism Physiology: The study of the function an organism performs

3. carbon atom organ system DNA molecule organellecell tissue organ organismpopulation community ecosystem biosphere

4. Major Tissue Types Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue Tissues are groups of cells with a common function.

5. Epithelia comes in 2 forms: 1.Glandular epithelia 2.Membranous epithelia Functions: Protection Absorption Filtration Excretion Secretion Sensory reception

6. Ducted glands Most have supportive connective tissue, secretory unit, blood supply, nerves Ex. pancreas, sweat glands, salivary, sebaceous, mammary glands Merocrine gland

7. Goblet cells

8. Secretes product directly directly in blood Pituitary Hypothalamus Thyroid Adrenal Pancreas Thymus Pineal

9. Mucous

10. Serious: pericardium, pleura, viscera Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium Serous fluid

11. Cutaneous

12. Synovial

14. Simple Squamous Epithelium Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Simple Columnar Epithelium Stratified Epithelium Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Transitional Epithelium

16. Function: gas exchange in lungs Location: lines blood vessels, lymph vessels and various membranes within the thorax and abdomen

17. Frog skin

18. Function: secretion and absorption Location: kidney tubules

19. Mammalian kidney

20. Function: protection, secretion and absorption (associated w/goblet cells-exocrine) Location: lines uterus and digestive tract

21. 1. Smooth muscle (long. layer) 2. Smooth muscle (circ. layer) 3. Simple columnar epithelium 4. Goblet cell 5. Lumen of the intestine Cross section of small intestine

22. Function: protects underlying cells from harmful env. effects Location: covers skin, lines mouth and throat, vagina, and anal canal

23. 1. Stratified squamous epithelium 2. Lumen of the esophagus 3. Connective tissue Cross section of esophagus

24. cornified layer of dead cells stratified squamous epithelium

25. goblet cell Function: secretion and propulsion of mucus Location: lines respiratory and reproductive system

26. Function: protection and secretion Location: rare in body, small amount in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands

27. Function: stretches Location: lines ureters, bladder and part of urethra

28. Loose Connective TissueLoose Connective Tissue Dense Connective TissueDense Connective Tissue Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue CartilageCartilage BoneBone BloodBlood

29. Functions: 1.Connects body parts 2.Protection 3.Insulation 4.Transport substances Common characteristics: 1.All originate from mesenchyme 2.Well vascularized 3.Cells scattered through an extracellular matrix

30. Three main elements: Ground substance (interstitial fluid and proteins) Fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) Cells (chondrocytes, osteocytes, fibrocytes, blood, macrophages, mast cells)

31. Connective Tissues

32. Skeletal Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle Tissue

40. Biology 100 Human Biology

41. Organ Systems

43. Physical Laws Constrain Animal Form Hydrodynamics Gas exchange Diffusion (lg s.a. to vol. ratio)

44. Fusiform Shape and Streamlining Evolutionary Convergence

45. Cell size is limited for gas exchange by diffusion

46. Internal exchange surfaces in complex animals

47. All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properly Temperature pH

48. Homeostasis Relatively stable internal environment

49. Negative Feedback vs Positive Feedback

50. Body Temperature Regulation Negative Feedback

51. Blood Sugar Levels Negative Feedback

52. Positive Feedback

53. Introduction to the Bioenergetics of Animals Photosynthesis 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + light  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6H 2 O + 6CO 2 +ATP Autotrophic Nutrition vs Heterotrophic Nutrition

54. Metabolic rate provides clues to an animal’s bioenergetic “strategy” Metabolic Rate: the rate energy consumed for metabolic purposes over time (calories). Respiration Growth Repair Digestion Physical Activities

55. Metabolic Rate Measure by : Heat loss from respiration O 2 consumed CO 2 produced Food consumption

56. Manometer- measures CO 2 produced Ghost crab running a treadmill

57. Two basic bioenergetic strategies used by animals : Endothermy “warm blooded” Ectothermy “cold blooded”

58. Metabolic rate per gram is inversely correlated to body size among similar animals

59. Animals adjust their metabolic rates as conditions change Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): For humans at rest, not stressed, & with empty stomach- 1600-1800 kcal/day Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR): Measure met. rate for ectotherm at rest, not stressed, & with empty stomach Varies with temperature

60. Maximum Metabolic Rates over Different Time Spans

61. Sustained activity depends on the aerobic process of cellular respiration for ATP supply. –An endotherm’s respiration rate is about 10 times greater than an ectotherm’s. –Only endotherms are capable of long-duration activities such as distance running.

62. Factors influence energy requirements: Age Sex Size Body and environmental temperatures The quality and quantity of food Activity level Oxygen availability Hormonal balance Time of day (nocturnal vs diurnal)

63. Energy budgets reveal how animals use energy and materials

64. Endotherms Ectotherm