2. The Physiology and Chemistry of the Brain Change Across the Night

3. A Good Night’s Sleep Sleep onset Stage 2 NREM SWS REM sleep

4. Sleep Physiology EEG Wake Stage 2 Stage 4 REM 2 sec EOG Stage 1 Stage 2 REM EMG Wake Stage 4 REM

5. Neuromodulation Varies Across the Wake-Sleep Cycle Active Wake ACh NE 5-HT Quiet Wake SWSREM Ach:acetylcholine NE:norepinephrine (noradrenalin) 5HT:serotonin

6. Regional Activation in REM Sleep

7. Hippocampal-Neocortical Dialog

8. Sleep Enhances Memory

9. Sleep Consolidates Perceptual Learning Vipul Patel Beth Schirmer Dana Whidbee LaTanya James

10. 0 10 20 6121824 Test interval (h) Improvement (ms) Daytime Overnight * * *

11. Time Course of Improvement 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 012347 Days Improvement (ms)

12. Total sleep time (h) -20 0 20 40 67891011 r = 0.62 p = 0.006

13. SWS REM sleep

14. Learning Across the Night Quartile Pearson r-value -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1234 SWS p = 0.05 p = 0.01 REM

15. Training SWS 1 REM 4 v = SWS 1 x REM 4

16. Improvement Correlates with Early SWS and Late REM r 2 = 0.79 p < 0.0001 0 10 20 30 40 50100150200 Improvement (ms) SWS 1 x REM 4

17. “24/7” Burn Out!! Dan Luskin Sara Mednick Neha Pathak Overtraining on TDT

18. Naps, SWS, & REM -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 Improvement (ms) (n=28) (n=17) +SWS +REM (n=13) +SWS (n=13) (n=2) no nap 60’ nap 90’nap

19. SWS REM sleep

20. Training SWS Stabilize REM Enhance

21. Sleep Consolidates Motor Learning Matthew Walker Tiffany Brakefield Alexandra Morgan 1234 Sequence 4-1-3-2-4

22. Learning Rate Saturates Rapidly 10 PM 10 AM 1 12 Post-training # Sequences / 30 sec Baseline Training Trials (lasting 12 mins) 23456789101112 16 20 24

23. Sleep Enhances Performance 10PM 10AM 20 22 24 26 28 10AM SLEEP p<0.0001 # Sequences / 30 sec 10PM 20 22 24 26 28 10PM 10AM p<0.0001 SLEEP

24. A Good Night’s Sleep Stage 2 NREM

25. 25 % Overnight improvement % Stage 2 NREM sleep – 4 th Quarter r =0.72 p=0.008 456585 10 20 30 40 0 Overnight improvement and Late Stage II Sleep

26. Who’s Getting Better?

27. Not Schizophrenics 1 12 10 PM Post-training # Sequences / 30 sec Baseline Training Trials (lasting 12 mins) 23456789101112 10 AM Retest Next day 16 20 24 28 Next day Sz. next day 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Schizo. Schizophrenics (seq/30s)

28. Not Schizophrenics

29. Where Are They Getting Better?

30. R motor cortexhippocampus medial prefrontal L cerebellum (precision) (movement sequencing)(mapping of intent)

31. Limbic system Parietal cortex (emotional task burden)(consc spatial monitoring)

32. How Are They Getting Better?

33. Sleep Enhances Performance # Sequences / 30 sec 10AM 10PM 20 22 24 26 28 10AM SLEEP p<0.0001 10PM 20 22 24 26 28 10PM10AM p<0.0001 SLEEP

34. Sleep Enhances Where Needed 200 400 600 Sequence Transition Reaction time (ms) 4 1 32 4 125 175 200 Sequence Transition 150 4 1 32 4

35. 25 15 5 -5 Percent Improvement Uni - 5 Bi - 5 Uni - 9 Bi - 9 Sleep Enhances Where Needed Fastest Transitions Uni - 5 Bi - 5 Uni - 9 Bi - 9 Slowest Transitions

36. How Smart is Sleep? Carlyle Smith Jan Born

37. Complex Problem Solving Control group 0 20 40 60 80 100 d 1 Moves 0 20 40 60 80 100 Presleep EtOH d 1 Moves d 8

38. WAKE/ NIGHT WAKE/ DAY ZZZ... Development of Insight Wagner et al. (2004) Nature 427: 352 11449494114494941144949411449494 1914419 9 20% 40% 60% Subjects gaining insight 0%

39. Associative Memory is Altered During Sleep Cindi Rittenhouse Jen Holmes Beth Schirmer Lauri Scott Semantic Priming (580 ms) thief wrong (560 ms) rightwrong paperwrong (600 ms)

40. 0.01 0.17 0.01 Weak Strong msec 0 10 20 30 REM NREM PM

41. New Experiences are Replayed at Sleep Onset Hypnagogic dreams April Malia Denise Maguire David Roddenberry Karen Emberger Laura Babkes

42. Hypnagogic Images of Tetris Group (n)Nights% Ss% Rpts Novices275%10.4% Experts2 or 350%4.7%

43. Reports of Tetris Imagery “Just seeing Tetris shapes floating around in my head like they could in the game, falling down, sort of putting them together in my mind” (JEG - Day 2) NOVICE “…seeing in my mind how the game pieces kind of float down and fit into the other pieces and am also rotating them” (TRP - Day 2) EXPERT

44. ASSOCIATED IMAGERY “I see just a little part of the game for a second. It’s weird also, because I don’t see it the way we play it on this computer. I see it like I used to play it at home, where it’s in different colors and stuff like that. And the boxes look a little different.” (EH)

45. Amnesiacs360%7.4% Hypnagogic Images of Tetris Group (n)Nights% Ss% Rpts Novices275%10.4% Experts2 or 350%4.7%

46. Reports of Tetris Imagery “Just seeing Tetris shapes floating around in my head like they could in the game, falling down, sort of putting them together in my mind” (JEG - Day 2) NOVICE “…seeing in my mind how the game pieces kind of float down and fit into the other pieces and am also rotating them” (TRP - Day 2) EXPERT “I see images that are turned on their side. I don’t know what they are from, I wish I could remember, but they’re like blocks” (JEG - Day 2) AMNESIAC

47. Learning Experiences are Replayed at Sleep Onset (Improved) Karen Emberger Laura Babkes Alpine Racer II

49. l 42% of first night reports contain skiing imagery l 3 out of 3 controls who only watched Kinesthetic imagery l 11 players (69%) l 1 control (33%) Skiing imagery l 14 out of 16 players (88%)

50. Alpine Racer Images “ “I keep seeing all the places where I fall- like, hit the walls. It’s kind of annoying; and then my legs fly up in the air.” (SEC) “I can sort of feel the motions of the game but more not really seeing it.” (MLC) “I envisioned myself skiing, and for a second there it felt like I was skiing backwards - something I used to attempt when I was younger.” (CMD)

51. Delayed Onset Reporting } REPORTS Standard protocol 023456781 } Math problems REPORTS Delayed onset 023456781

52. Delayed Onset Reports "I felt like I was sort of sliding downhill again. And, um... there were instructions and a person and uh, I don't know." (JAV, rpt 6) "I was having a rather vivid image as though I was moving forward through some kind of a forest... I was moving forward very stiffly. Um, my entire upper body was incredibly straight... it felt almost as if I was moving forward on a conveyor belt, and, without my legs actually moving." (MAM, rpt 8) "I felt as though I was falling downhill. And I was dreaming about like instructions to a young king or something." (JAV, rpt 4)

53. Sleep, Memory & Dreams √ √The physiology and chemistry of the brain change across the night √Sleep consolidates and enhances memory √Sleep alters associative memory processes √Sleep finds patterns in our daily experiences, even when we don’t know that they exist √And dreams are part of the story