1. Lecture 10: Map Design Geography 128 Analytical and Computer Cartography Spring 2007 Department of Geography University of California, Santa Barbara

2. What is a map? “ A graphic depiction of all or part of a geographic realm in which the real-world features have been replaced by symbols in their correct spatial location at a reduced scale. ” power line

3. Map Making and Map Using Process States Transformations

4. Symbolization Process Compilation – Scale & Projection – Data Selection & Conversion – Validation Checking Representation – Map Type – Dimension & Scaling Design – Layout & Cartographic Elements – Design Loop – Strong interrelationship with Symbol Selection Symbol Selection – Map production

5. Choosing a Map Type Cartographers have designed hundreds of map types: methods of cartographic representation. Not all GISs allow all types. Most have a set of basic types Depends heavily on the dimension of the data to be shown in the map figure.

6. Choosing the Wrong Type Fairly common GIS error. Due to lack of knowledge about cartographic options. Can still have perfect symbolization. Possibility of misinformation Definite reduction in communication effectiveness.

7. Map Types: Point Data Dot Picture Symbol Graduated Symbol

8. Map Types: Line Data Network Flow Isoline

9. Choropleth Area qualitative Stepped surface Map Types: Area Data

10. Map Types: Volume Data [Isoline, Stepped Surface] Dasymetric Hypsometric Gridded fishnet Hill-shaded Realistic perspective Image map

11. Map Types: Time Multiple views Animation – Moving map – Fly thru – Fly by Prediction of urban development to the year 2050 over southeastern Pennsylvania and part of Delaware using the SLEUTH model http://www.essc.psu.edu/~dajr/chester/animation/movie_small.htm

12. Map Type Selection

13. Map Type Selection (cnt.)

14. Map Design Good map design requires that map elements be placed in a balanced arrangement within the neat line Design Loop – Create map layout – Draw on screen (proof plot) – Look – Edit – Repeat until happy – Make final plot Visual balance is affected by: – the "weight" of the symbols – the visual hierarchy of the symbols and elements – the location of the elements with respect to each other and the visual center of the map

15. The Parts of a Map: Map Elements

16. Symbol Variables

17. Symbol “ Weights ” Line weight Pattern ShadingHue

18. Visual Center 5% of height Landscape Portrait

19. Visual Layout Title Here Eye expects (1) balance and (2) alignment

20. Color and Map Design Color is a complex visual variable and in a GIS is specified by RGB or HSI values. Red, Green, Blue are additive primaries. Magenta, Cyan and Yellow are subtractive primaries. Saturation and Intensity map better onto values than hue. Subtractive Primaries Additive Primaries

21. Dimensions of Color HUE INTENSITY SATURATION

22. Simultaneous Contrast http://www.cut-the-knot.org/Curriculum/Geometry/Contrast.shtml

23. Symbolization Errors

24. Next Lecture Applications of Analytical Cartography