1. What is Our Engineering Research Project? Vinay Dulip Chemistry Teacher – Moody High School Marguerita Guerra Science Specialist – MacArthur High School Synthesis of bulk nanocrystalline metals by severe plastic deformation E3 Teacher Summer Research Program for Secondary Math and Science Teachers

2. Teacher Preparations Lesson taught as nature of science lesson Prebake clay pieces at 3 minute intervals the day before Complete questions as introduction Complete bending exercise as part of introduction

3. Hardness The ability to resist being scratched. Object made of hard material will scratch material made of softer material.

4. Can We Keep Our Cell Phones Scratch Free?

5. Think about it! How many of you own CDs? What is the most common damage to your CDs? What happens when you place your iPod or cell phone in your pocket or purse and your coins or keys come in contact with your iPod? What is the definition of hardness?

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7. Scratch.. “I got me one of them shiny new black iPods a couple weeks back. It’s real purty. While the black is very nice looking, it’s also going to scratch if you breath on it with anything less than freshly brushed teeth.” Made from highly scratch-resistant materials such as hard metal, high-tech ceramics, sapphire crystal, high- tech lanthanum and high-tech diamonds, these watches are destined to last a lifetime. Thanks to a choice of sturdy, scratch- resistant materials and no-nonsense design, the T60 absolutely reeks of quality. I’d use one to stop a bullet, if I had to. Scratch Resistance Hard Coat is a layer material that is harder than the base material. The hard coat material is chemically bonded to the base material and its degree of hardness will depend on the flexibility of the base lens material.

8. Objective The student will experimentally determine the relationship between hardness and temperature by indenting various pieces of clay that have been heated for various time periods.

9. Materials Indenter Metric ruler 6 pieces of clay heat treated for different time periods Graph paper

10. Procedure for Clay Indentations Safety Reminder: Test the hardness of clay pieces only. Place Clay A on the indenter device. Lift the arm of the indenter 90 0. Drop the indenter arm on the clay. Measure the depth of the indentation. Repeat above steps with Clay B, Clay C, Clay D, Clay E, Clay F and Clay G.

11. Procedure for Metal Indentations Place the metal on the indenter device. Lift the arm of the indenter 90 0. Drop the indenter arm on the clay. Repeat steps 1-3 with the other metal.

12. Fancy Oven for heat treatment (Annealing)

13. Indents in Control and longest timed sample Control Sample not baked Sample baked for 18 minutes

14. Construct a table with the data collected. Polymer ClayABCDE Depth in mm - Trial 1 Depth in mm - Trial 2 Average depth – (Indent)

15. Construct a graph illustrating the relationship between the depth of the indentation vs. the amount of time the clay was heated. Best Fit - Exponential Best Fit - Linear

16. Conclusion Is the force applied to the clay pieces varied or held constant? Explain What is the independent variable in this experiment? Why? What is the dependent variable in this experiment? Why? What is the control in this experiment? What is the relationship between the depth of the indentation and the amount of time the clay was heated? Based on your data and observations, describe what happens to the hardness of the clay as it is heated.

17. Acknowledgements Special thanks to Dr. X. Zhang Engang Fu Nan Li Dr. Shrinivasa Dr. Conkey

18. The experience was what it was because of each of you!

19. Have a Whale of A Day!