1. Monitoring activities of running waters in Sweden Leonard Sandin Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden

2. Outline Sampling methods macroinvertebrates Taxonomic resolution Classification system Reference site selection/criteria Monitoring program Supporting information

3. Macroinvertebrate sampling method Standardized kick-sampling –SSEN 27828 1 m * 1 min and 5 samples Preferably hard-bottom 0,5 mm mesh Autumn sampling Sorting 2 h then subsampling (in the national surveys)

4. Taxonomic resolution Predetermined taxa list (~500) Expert group decided on the list Based on: –Relatively easy to determine –Gives “extra” ecological information –Part of indices/metrics

5. Ecological quality criteria New system will be adopted from 2007 (in revision at the moment) Includes three metrics/indices: –ASPTEcological quality –DJ indexEutrophication –MISA indexAcidification/Acidity Should be sampled at least once in the autumn each year

6. Types Ecoregions 20 Borealic uplands

7. 22 Fennoscandian shield Ecoregions

8. 14 Central plains Ecoregions

9. ASPT & DJ index ASPT: –Armitage et al. 1983 –Family level index –Scoring system (1-10) for each family –Divided by no of scoring families DJ index –Dahl & Johnson 2005 –Multimetric index for eutrophication –Five different parts: –No of EPT taxa, relative abundance of Crustacea, rel. abund. EPT taxa, ASPT, and Saprobix index (Zelinka & Marvan 1961) –Each index scores 1-3 –Sum from 5 (lowest/worst) to 15 (highest/best quality)

10. DJ index The DJ index has to be re-scaled by: Taking (reference value – 5) / (index value -5)

11. MISA index Johnson & Goedkoop 2005 Multimetric index Includes six parts/indices: –No of families, no of taxa of Gastropoda, no of taxa of Ephemeroptera, the ratio of the relative abundance of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera, the AWIC index [Dawy-Bowker et al 2005 relative abundance of shredders –Each index is normalised to be between 0-10 –Rescaling: MISA = 10 x sum index norm / 6 –Final score between 0-100

12. Normalising the MISA index

13. Reference values Ecoregion 14 –ASPT: 5.37 –DJ index: 10 –MISA: 47.5 Ecoregion 22 –ASPT: 6.53 –DJ index: 14 –MISA: 47.5 Ecoregion 20 –ASPT: 6.67 –DJ index: 14 –MISA: 47.5

14. EQR values - example

15. Final ecological quality One-out-all-out among the three indices/metrics

16. Calculating the indices www.aqem.de ASTERICS software

17. Reference filter

18. National monitoring program Three levels: –National surveys –Trend stations –?????????

19. National surveys Lake inventories since 1972 Biology – first time 1995 Repeated 2000 Benthic macroinvertebrates 700 streams and 700 lakes 2005 only lake chemistry again

20. Sampling strategy Streams stratified by catchment area –350 with areas 15-50 km 2 –350 with areas 50-250 km 2 Randomly selected point Sampling 100-600 m upstream

21. Sampling sites/streams National survey

22. Changing sampling sites? 606 sites included in analysis 1995: county of Västernorrland removed Site suitability assessed based on substratum –Blocks > 200 mm or Sand and silt < 2 mm Samples could be moved further upstream

23. Weather Autumn 2000 among the wettest during the 20th century Yearly precipitation at most 160 – 170 % of normal Air temperature 1.6 to 2.1 °C above normal Water temperature 3 °C above normal in streams 1995: precipitation and temperature near normal From Wilander et al. 2003 Runoff (l/km 2, s)

24. Weather Main problem in south-west 2000 Rölanda å County of Västra Götaland 1995 2000

25. Trend stations 69 streams Across Sweden Water chemistry (all) Metals (30 stations) Macroinvertebrates and phytobenthos (48 stations) Electrofishing (28 stations – all with bf sampling) Macroinvertebrates and metals (16 stations)

26. Trend stations 40 sites with catchment area < 300 km 2 6 further sites catchment area < 1000 km 2 1 site with catchment area 1260 km 2 1 site with catchment area 19825 km 2 (Ljusnan) Reasons: –Existing long time series –NATURA 2000 sites –Trout, Pearl mussels, Salmon, European crayfish –Large amount of existing catchment info available –Used for earlier international reporting

27. Trend stations

28. Liming references 19 streams Water chemistry Metals Phytobenthos Benthic macroinvertebrates Fish

29. Physical parameters Standardised field protocol: –Sampling site information –In stream vegetation –Substratum –Riparian zone 0-5 meter perpendicular to the stream –Near stream zone 0-30 meter perpendicular to the stream

30. Sampling site information Site name Width (sampling site) and length (Sampling site) Stream width Water level (normal/low/high) Water depth (mean for site and maximum) Velocity (0 = 0 m/s, 1 0.7 m/s) Turbidity (clear, turbid, very turbid) Water colour (clear, coloured, very coloured) Water temperature

31. Substratum/ in stream vegetation Classification 0 = absent, 1 50% cover Substratum: 11 classes from fine sediment ( 2000 mm) In stream vegetation: 6 vegetation types –Above water vegetation, long shoot vegetation, floating leaved, rosette vegetation, mosses, benthic algae Organic material –Fine detritus, coarse detritus, fine dead wood, coarse dead wood

32. Riparian zone Same cover classes –Trees –Bushes –Grasses –Other vegetation types (specify) –Others (stone, agricultural land, without vegetation etc) Shadow (cover as above)

33. Near stream zone Same cover classes 13 land-use classes (e.g.): –Deciduous forest –Coniferous forest –Wetlands –Agricultural land –Grassland –Heath –Artificial land

34. Water chemistry parameters pH, alkalinity Conductivity Ca, Mg, Na, K SO 4, Cl, F, Si NH 4 -N, NO 2 +NO 3, Total N, Total P Absorbance TOC