1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C H A P T E R Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 5 The Self, Identity, Emotions, and Personality “Who are you?” said the Caterpillar. Alice replied rather shyly, “I—I hardly know, Sir, just at present—at least I know who I was when I got up this morning, but I must have changed several times since then.” — Lewis Carroll, English Writer, 19th Century “Who are you?” said the Caterpillar. Alice replied rather shyly, “I—I hardly know, Sir, just at present—at least I know who I was when I got up this morning, but I must have changed several times since then.” — Lewis Carroll, English Writer, 19th Century

2. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2 Self Understanding The adolescent’s cognitive representation of the self The substance and content of the adolescent’s self-conceptions

3. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 3 Dimensions of Self-Understanding Abstraction and Idealism Differentiation Fluctuating Contradictions Real vs. Ideal; True vs. False

4. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 4 Dimensions of Self-Understanding Social Comparison Self-Consciousness Self-Protection Unconscious Self Self-Integration

5. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 5 Self-Understanding & Social Contexts Adolescent’s self-portraits can differ depending on whether they are with their mother, father, close friend, romantic partner, or peer They also can differ depending on whether the adolescent is in the role of student, athlete or employee

6. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 6 Self-Esteem and Self-Concept What are Self-Esteem and Self- Concept? –Self-esteem – Global evaluative dimension –Self-concept – Domain-specific evaluation How are They Measured? –Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents

7. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 7 Self-Esteem and Self-Concept Does Self-Esteem Change During Adolescence? Is Self-Esteem Linked to Success in School and Initiative? Are Some Domains More Closely Linked to Self-Esteem Than Others?

8. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 8 Self-Esteem and Self-Concept Correlations Between Global Self-Esteem and Domains of Competence Fig. 5.3

9. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 9 Self-Esteem Parenting attributes associated with boys’ high self-esteem –Expression of affection –Concern about the boys’ problems –Harmony in the home –Participation in joint family activities –Availability to give competent, organized help when the boys needed it –Setting clear and fair rules –Abiding by the rules –Allowing the boys freedom within well-prescribed limits

10. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 10 Consequences of Low Self-Esteem For most adolescents, the emotional discomfort of low self-esteem is temporary In some adolescents, low self-esteem can develop into other problems: –Depression –Suicide –Anorexia –Delinquency

11. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 11 Increasing Adolescents’ Self-Esteem 1.Identify the causes of low self- esteem and the domains of competence important to the self 2.Provide emotional support and social approval 3.Foster achievement 4.Help adolescents to cope

12. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 12 Identity Erikson –Identity vs. Identity Confusion –Personality and Role Experimentation –Some Contemporary Thoughts Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

13. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13 Four Identity Statuses Marcia’s Four Statuses of Identity Fig. 5.4

14. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 14 Developmental Changes Family Influences –Individuality: Consists of (1) self-assertion, ability to have and communicate a point of view; and (2) separateness, expressing how one is different from others –Connectedness: Consists of (1) mutuality, sensitivity to and respect for others’ views; and (2) permeability, openness to others’ views

15. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 15 Cultural and Ethnic Identity Defining and Exploring Ethnic Identity Contexts of Ethnic Identity Development

16. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 16 Erikson Males oriented toward career and ideological commitments Females oriented around marriage and childbearing. Gender and Identity Development

17. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 17 Gender and Identity Development Research in the 1960s and 1970s supported Erikson’s view As females have developed stronger vocational interests, these gender differences are disappearing

18. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 18 Identity and Intimacy Clip art copyright © 2002 www.arttoday.com. Used with permission. Intimacy vs. Isolation –Erickson describes intimacy as finding oneself, yet losing oneself in another –An inability to develop meaningful relationships with others can harm an individual’s personality

19. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 19 Emotional Development Emotion –Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state, or an interaction, that is important to his or her well-being

20. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 20 Emotions in Adolescence “Storm and Stress” –Stereotype Hormones, Experience, and Emotions –Puberty –School transition

21. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 21 Emotions in Adolescence Emotional Competence –Aware of emotional expression –Self-regulatory strategies –Inner emotional states –Not becoming overwhelmed by emotional state –Discerning others’ emotions

22. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 22 Personality Development The Big Five Factors of Personality Fig. 5.5

23. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 23 Personality Development Temperament –Easy child –Difficult child –Slow-to-warm-up child –Positive affect and approach –Negative affectivity –Effortful control (self-regulation)

24. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 24 Personality Development Developmental connections and contexts –How stable is temperament from childhood to adulthood? –Is temperament in childhood linked to adjustment in adolescence and adulthood? Goodness of fit

25. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 25 Taking it to the Net For more information on material covered in this chapter, visit our Online Learning Center: http://www.mhhe.com/santrocka11