1. Genetic Technologies By: Brenda, Dale, John, and Brady

2. 19.1 Patenting DNA Biotechnology- the use or change of cells or biological molecules. Like using yeast with fruit to make wine. Biotechnology- the use or change of cells or biological molecules. Like using yeast with fruit to make wine. Recombinant DNA- organisms that use DNA from other species. We are able to do this because all life has the same genetic code. Recombinant DNA- organisms that use DNA from other species. We are able to do this because all life has the same genetic code. Genetic engineering or modification- any biotechnology that manipulates genetic material. Genetic engineering or modification- any biotechnology that manipulates genetic material.

3. Transgenetics Many people think that when organisms have transgenic DNA is unnatural. But nature uses bacteria which is why we have viral DNA sequences. Many people think that when organisms have transgenic DNA is unnatural. But nature uses bacteria which is why we have viral DNA sequences. The mice to the left, have the gene from jellyfish making them green and glow. The mice to the left, have the gene from jellyfish making them green and glow. Tomatoes are also manipulated to be able to grow in saltwater. Tomatoes are also manipulated to be able to grow in saltwater.

4. 19.2 Amplifying DNA Nucleic acid amplification- mass producing a DNA sequence Nucleic acid amplification- mass producing a DNA sequence PCR- polymerase chain reaction, amplifies but does not change the DNA PCR- polymerase chain reaction, amplifies but does not change the DNA It uses the natural process of DNA replication. It uses the natural process of DNA replication.

5. Steps of PCR 1. Heat is used to separate the two strands of the target DNA. 2. Temp is lowered, primers hybridize due to base complementarily to the target sequence 3. Polymerase finishes replicating DNA 4. Repeat 5. All of this is done in an automated device called a thermal cycler that controls the key temp changes

6. How to amplify a specific DNA sequence

7. Other nucleic acid amplification techniques Transcription-mediated amplification- copies target DNA into RNA then uses RNA polymerase to amplify the RNA. Transcription-mediated amplification- copies target DNA into RNA then uses RNA polymerase to amplify the RNA. –Generates 100-1,000 copies a cycle –Used to test RNA for HIV

8. 19.3 Modifying DNA Recombinant DNA technology-gene cloning, or copies of a specific DNA sequence Recombinant DNA technology-gene cloning, or copies of a specific DNA sequence Adds genes from one type of the genotype to another, was initially done in bacteria, because bacteria baring recombinant DNA makes many copies of the foreign DNA. Adds genes from one type of the genotype to another, was initially done in bacteria, because bacteria baring recombinant DNA makes many copies of the foreign DNA.

9. Constructing Recombinant DNA Molecules Manufacturing recombinant DNA requires restriction enzymes that cut donor and recipient DNA at the same Sequence Manufacturing recombinant DNA requires restriction enzymes that cut donor and recipient DNA at the same Sequence After inserting donor DNA into vectors, the procedure requires several steps. After inserting donor DNA into vectors, the procedure requires several steps. Selecting cells where the genetic material includes foreign DNA, selecting cells that received the gene of interest, stimulating transcription of the foreign gen and translation of its protein product, collecting and puifying the desired proten Selecting cells where the genetic material includes foreign DNA, selecting cells that received the gene of interest, stimulating transcription of the foreign gen and translation of its protein product, collecting and puifying the desired proten

10. Isolating the Gene of Interest Constructing recombinant DNA molecules usually begins by cutting all of the DNA off the donor cell Constructing recombinant DNA molecules usually begins by cutting all of the DNA off the donor cell The DNA includes non-protein-encoding sequences The DNA includes non-protein-encoding sequences Genomic library- a collection of genomes where pieces overlap where sequences align Genomic library- a collection of genomes where pieces overlap where sequences align

11. Ways to isolate gene

12. Selecting recombinant DNA molecules Much of the effort in recombinant DNA technology is in finding and separating cells that contain the gene of interest Much of the effort in recombinant DNA technology is in finding and separating cells that contain the gene of interest Once he foreign DNA has been inserted into the cells results that could happen are, lack of plasmids, cells that have plasmids that do not contain a foreign gene, or the goal of a cell that contain plasmids that have picked up a foreign gene Once he foreign DNA has been inserted into the cells results that could happen are, lack of plasmids, cells that have plasmids that do not contain a foreign gene, or the goal of a cell that contain plasmids that have picked up a foreign gene

13. Products from recombinant DNA technology Provides a way to take separate genes from complex organisms, and allows us to identify specific gene functions. Provides a way to take separate genes from complex organisms, and allows us to identify specific gene functions. Recombinant DNA has many uses, the first was to mass-produce protein- based drugs, such as human insulin. Recombinant DNA has many uses, the first was to mass-produce protein- based drugs, such as human insulin.

14. Other drugs produced using Recombinant DNA Technology

15. Delivering DNA in Plants and Animals A DNA fragment carrying the desired gene is isolated from another source and spliced into a tumor growth gene with its tumor- producing gene removed, which then invades the cell of a plant and becomes a part of the plants DNA. A DNA fragment carrying the desired gene is isolated from another source and spliced into a tumor growth gene with its tumor- producing gene removed, which then invades the cell of a plant and becomes a part of the plants DNA.

16. Some genetically modified crops