1. STA 26 th September 2005 2005 年 9 月 26 日 Towards a Low Energy, Sustainable Future for our Communities: A Low Carbon Vision for China-UK Collaboration? Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation: School of Environmental Sciences CRed Design for a Green Community

2. A Sustainable community requires integrated thinking including: Architectural design and layout of spaces - Energy efficient building design - Preservation of heritage and historic buildings Transportation Energy Supply – Security of energy supply Minimising environmental emissions - Reducing CO 2 emissions (global warming) Engagement through Education with the Local Community as - Individuals, Businesses, Organisations Towards a Low Energy, Sustainable Future for our Communities:

3. Community Carbon Reduction Project Renewable Energy Projects Community Solar Energy Projects Technical Measures for Energy Conservation Lobbying to make changes in Legislation Building Partnerships: Raising Awareness An Iconic Landmark Project Low Energy Strategies at the University of East Anglia Towards a Low Energy, Sustainable Future for our Communities: The Project:CRed Raising Awareness

4. Carbon Reduction programme real-world action and experience for benefit of all countries CRed building partnerships to reduce Global carbon dioxide emissions ‘ leading the way’ to the UK national aspiration of a 60% cut by 2050 ‘ordinary’ people; communities; businesses enthusiasm and commitment awareness-raising and public engagement joined-up thinking and action demonstration innovation in behaviour Involving: CRed A Real World Experiment

5. energy efficiency, Low Energy design in buildings stressing the business opportunities from the coming low carbon economy CRed adopting existing appropriate technology encouraging appropriate new technology A Real World Experiment behavioural changes in energy use – the Social Dimension Will involve: identifying barriers to implementation

6. Raising Awareness Each person in UK causes the emission of 9 tonnes of CO 2 each year. What do 9 tonnes of CO 2 look like? 5 hot air balloons China: 2.5 tonnes or 1.4 balloons

7. Comparison of emissions of different countries Raising Awareness

8. Computers do NOT switch off when using the soft “SHUT DOWN”. Typically they will waste 120 units of electricity and emit 60 kg CO 2 a year unnecessarily. A Toyota Corolla (1400cc): 1 party balloon every 60m. 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon. Standby on electrical appliances 80 kWh a year - 4000 balloons. A Mobile Phone charger: > 20 kWh per year ~ 1000 balloons each year.

9. Target Day Results of the “Big Switch-Off” With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings?

10. Building Partnerships: Raising Awareness An Iconic Landmark Project Low Energy Strategies at the University of East Anglia Towards a Low Energy, Sustainable Future for our Communities: The Project : CRed

11. The Elizabeth Fry Building

12. Heater Diffuser Supply duct to hollow core slabs Two channel regenerative heat exchanger Floor Slabs Incoming Air Exhaust Air Filter Exhaust Air from rooms Principle of TermoDeck Operation Air is circulated through whole fabric of building Uses regenerative Heat Exchangers ~ 85% efficient

13. Quadruple Glazing Thick Insulation Air circulates through whole fabric of building Principle of Operation Mean Surface Temperature close to Air Temperature Heated using a single domestic heating boiler (24 kW) No heating needed at temperatures as cool as 6 - 7 o C 87% of ventilation heat recovered In summer building is pre-cooled overnight Key Facts

14. Heated using a single domestic heating boiler (24 kW) N o heating needed at temperatures as cool as 7oC Triple glazing with Low E Glass ~ quadruple glazing 87% of ventilation heat recovered Elizabeth Fry Building – Key Facts

15. Performance of Elizabeth Fry Building thermal comfort +28% User Satisfaction noise +26% lighting +25% air quality +36% A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in ActualLow Energy Normal kg CO2/ m2 / yr 5.83441 Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Space and Water Heating

16. “Termodeck” construction Zuckerman Institute for Connective Environmental Research The ZICER Building 34 kW Photo Voltaic Array

17. ZICER Construction Ducts in floor slab

18. Performance of ZICER Building Initially performance was poor Performance improved with new Management Strategy 2005 2004 EFry ZICER

19. Engine Generator 36% Electricity GAS 61% Flue Losses 3% Radiation Losses 36% efficient Local Generation of Electricity with a Gas Engine

20. Engine Generator 36% Electricity 45% Heat GAS Engine heat Exchanger Exhaust Heat Exchanger 11% Flue Losses 3% Radiation Losses 81% efficient Combined Heat and Power at UEA Localised generation can make use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly

21. 1997/98electricitygasoilTotal MWh198953514833 Emission factorkg/kWh0.460.1860.277 Carbon dioxideTonnes91526538915699 ElectricityHeat 1999/ 2000 Total site CHP generation exportimportboilersCHPoiltotal MWh204371563097757831451028263923 Emission factor kg/kWh -0.460.460.186 0.277 Carbon dioxide Tonnes -44926602699525725610422 Performance of CHP units Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

22. Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer Waste heat can be used for chilling (air-conditioning) using an adsorption chiller

23. Condenser Evaporator Throttle Valve Heat rejected Heat extracted for cooling High Temperature High Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat from external source Absorber Desorber Heat Exchanger W ~ 0 Normal Air-conditioning Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer Will reduce electricity demand in summer Will increase electricity generated locally Compressor Adsorption Air-Conditioning

24. An Iconic Landmark Project which will provide An exemplar of low carbon practice The Star Project Effective communication of the links between energy production, our use of energy and the impacts on the environment An opportunity for Anglo-Chinese co-operation

25. symbolic wind turbine Nucleus – Unique Energy Station electricity, process heat (and chilling) biomass, waste, wind, solar multiple renewable technologies “future proofed”

26. Factories of the Future Environmentally sound technologies and businesses low carbon innovation Biomass station Exhibition and Research Area Conference Centre

27. STAR of the East in the UK: Advanced technologies of pyrolysis and gasification Fuels: specifically grown biomass; agricultural wastes; municipal wastes A STAR in CHINA? Technology exists to treat non-radioactive hazardous waste by this means Opportunity to convert municipal waste into bio-ethanol

28. Energy – Environment Links exhibition with interactive demonstrations etc. environmental bodies/organizations ‘must-visit’ place for Schools Factories of the Future

29. Greenhouse for the Future A research area to study impacts of climate change An area for demonstrations for education and enjoyment Power Station

30. Opportunity commitment to tackling climate change continuing legacy for a sustainable future Chinese/British collaboration: innovation, education, science, technology phase 1 preliminary feasibility study phase 2 technical and business case Global Opportunities Fund? Turning the Vision-Conceptualised into the Vision-Realised

31. Awareness of Energy Use can lead to significant savings How does one ensure such savings continue? Need to convey ideas in simple terms. Effective design of low energy buildings will cost little more than conventional buildings. Ventilation heating requirements are becoming a dominant issue in low energy buildings To achieve full potential of low energy buildings effective record keeping, analysis, and management is essential. An Iconic Landmark project would be an excellent way to promote “Green City Communities” Renewable Energy is part of the structure plan of Chongming Island It could be an innovative partnership between the UK and China Conclusions

32. A Low Carbon Vision for the future achieved through China-UK Collaboration?