1. Incorporating Historical and Geographical Dimensions into a Search Interface Michael Buckland Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative University of California, Berkeley Association of American geographers San Francisco, CA 17 April 2007

2. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr2 Acknowledgements Summarizes work done by and with Kim Carl, Fredric Gey, Ray Larson, Vivien Petras, Jeanette Zerneke and others. Supported by the [Federal] Institute of Museum and Library Services.

3. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr3 Support the Learner: What, Where, When and Who Supported by the Institute of Museum and Library Services Five ideas... 1. Understanding requires knowing context. 2. Using internet resources should be as easy as using a library reference collection. 3. Find context of any museum object, document, or performance: What is related to it: what it is, where it came from, when it originated, and who associated with it? 4.WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, and WHO as a useful structure. 5.Make better use of existing descriptive metadata.

4. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr4 Any document, object, performance or query Any resource: Audio, Images, Texts, Numeric data, Objects, Virtual reality, Webpages Any catalog: Archives, Libraries, Museums, TV, Publishers Connect it with its context – and other resources. Facet Vocabulary Displays WHAT Thesaurus Cross- e.g. LCSH references WHERE Gazetteer Map WHEN Period directory Timeline WHO Biograph. dict. Interpersonal e.g. Who’s Who relationships

5. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr5 Linking portal with resources Local: Relational database - - Generates pages dynamically - - Search term recommender system - - Vocabulary mapping tables - - Library of maps Remote: - - “Federated” search e.g. Z39.50 - - Structured URLs

6. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr6 WHAT Subject headings Cross-references within and between indexes LCSH: Kung fu films see Martial Arts films Previously Hand-to-hand fighting, oriental, in motion pictures Automobile: - PASS MOT VEH, SPARK IGN ENG (U.S.Import/Export statistics) - TL 205 (Library of Congress Classification) - 180/280 (US Patent classification) - 3711 (Standard Industrial Classification) Computer: HS 847120 Digital auto data proc mach contng in the same housing a CPU and input & output device.”(International Harmonized Commodity Classification System). NEED TO MAP TO & BETWEEN UNFAMILIAR VOCABULARIES

7. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr7 Guidance from user’s query to remote system’s vocabulary

8. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr8

9. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr9 But language evolves differently in different social groups. Different words for the same thing … or the same word for different things...

10. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr10 “Cardiac arrest” A single topic, but different specialists don’t want same literature! So how to select differently?

11. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr11 Linking vocabularies WHAT, WHERE, WHEN Library subject headings Topic – Geographic subdivision – Chronological subdivision Place name gazetteer: Place name – Type – Spatial markers (Lat & long) – When Time Period Directory Period name – Type – Time markers (Calendar) – Where

12. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr12 Mapping diverse vocabularies“Feature types” to “Subject Headings” National Geospatial Intelligence Agency Geographic Description Codes: -- 600+ types of physical object, e.g. School, Plateau, Dike Library of Congress Subject Headings: >100,000 topics and combinations to form complex topics Most GDC have comparable LCSH, ordinarily in plural. - GDC School = LCSH School buildings. LCSH School means an institution. - Ambiguity of Farm, Plantation, &c. physical / institution. - 38% LCSH same, usually plural; 61% match incl variant spellings & synonyms; 22% boader; 4% narrower; 12% problematic. - GDC weak on historic features, e.g. Ancient site. - Object / topic issues: North Dakota – Antiquities.

13. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr13 Linking vocabularies WHAT, WHERE, WHEN Library subject headings Topic – Geographic subdivision – Chronological subdivision Place name gazetteer: Place name – Type – Spatial markers (Lat & long) – When Time Period Directory Period name – Type – Time markers (Calendar) – Where Now re-align the WHAT, WHERE, and WHEN...

14. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr14 Well-developed facet indexes include other facets. WhatWhereWhen Who WHAT (LCSH) A AAA WHERE (Place Gazet.) MMM- WHEN (Period dir.) MMM- WHO (Biogr dict.) MMMM M = Mandatory; A = If Applicable Need vertical interoperability between vocabularies, e.g. for “What” topical mapping from NGA Gazetteer Geographic Description Code “Lthse” (Lighthouse) to LCSH “Lighthouses.” and place name interoperability for “Where.” Horizontal associations occur within records.

15. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr15 Linking portal with resources Local: Relational database - - Generates pages dynamically - - Search term recommender system - - Vocabulary mapping tables - - Library of maps Remote: - - “Federated” search e.g. Z39.50 - - Structured URLs

16. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr16 Use external search engine to forward query to remote resource Interface: Herzl, Theodor, founder of Israel, lived most of his life in Austria, 1860 to 1904 CHESHIRE Z39.50 query to Library of Congress template: https://sherlock.sims.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/CheshireZSearch.tcl? search=subject+______+______& target=lc&numwanted=20& format=html& recsyntax=marc Insert name https://sherlock.sims.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/CheshireZSearch.tcl? search=subject+Herzl+Theodor&target=lc&numwanted=20&format=html &recsyntax=marc

17. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr17 https://sherlock.sims.berkeley.edu/cgi- bin/CheshireZSearch.tcl?search=subject+Herzl+Theodor&target=lc&num wanted=20&format=html&recsyntax=marc

18. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr18 Structured URLs: templates for searching remote sites Wikipedia Template: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/_________ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl

19. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr19 Structured URLs: templates and cross-vocabulary mappings e.g. Metropolitan Museum of Art Time line Of Art History (TOAH) 11 time periods, 01-10, e.g. 04 = 1,000 B.C. – 1 A.D. 11 = 1900 A.D. – present Geographical hierarchy (some variation by time period), e.g. ss = South & southeast Asia ssa = South Asia (India, Himalayas,…) eu = Europe euwcm = Austria, Germany, Switzerland http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/__/___/ht_____.htm e.g. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/ssa/ht04ssa.htm http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/11/euwcm/ht11euwcm.htm

20. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr20 http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/__/___/ht_____.htm Insert s04 and ssa http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/ssa/ht04ssa.htm

21. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr21 http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/__/___/ht_____.htm Insert 11 and euwcm http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/11/euwcm/ht11euwcm.htm

22. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr22

23. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr23 Prototype “4W” search interface

24. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr24 Entry Vocabulary Index suggests correct LCSH with different spelling Buttons for searchable resources & local catalogs Search term recommender service for LC Subject Headings

25. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr25 Potentially related people Recommender service lists statistically associated Subject Headings

26. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr26 Potentially related period?

27. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr27 Mostly in India 16 th - 18 th century

28. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr28 Find out more about this area.

29. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr29 Different Browsing Options!

30. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr30 Zooming in to South Asia Restricting time frame Select

31. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr31 Interface generates menu page General information about the country of India…

32. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr32 General information about the country of India… Wikipedia CIA Factbook BBCEthnologue Berkeley Natural History Museums

33. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr33 Historical events – linked to Library catalog & Wikipedia : none avail. for this time period

34. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr34 ECAI Cultural Atlases: presenting history in its geographical & chronological contexts

35. 17 April 2007Amer Assoc Geogr35 The Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative Advancing scholarship through increased attention to place and time. http://ecai.org Join us at our next ECAI conferences! Moscow, Russia, May 28-June 1 Berkeley, CA, Oct 17-20. Project website: ecai.org/imls2004 The “4W” portal at: ecai.org/imls4W The “4W California” portal at: ecai.org/imls4W buckland@ischool.berkeley.edu Understanding means knowing context.