1. Hurricanes ATS 351 Lecture 12 November 30, 2009

2. Outline Formation Stages of development Structure of hurricanes Saffir-Simpson scale Movement Dissipation Damage Historical hurricanes

3. Formation: What is required? Warm & moist air –Reason why formation is in tropics: a lot of latent heat! –SSTs generally > 26.5  C Rotation –Comes from Coriolis force –Formation not on equator, but near Continued fuel –A tropical storm or hurricane can strengthen if it continues to move over warm water but will weaken once it hits dry land No (or very weak) vertical wind shear –Unlike storms in the mid-latitudes which need shear to organize, tropical storms will be sheared apart and prevented from organizing

4. Formation In order for a mass of unorganized t-storms to develop into a hurricane, the surface winds must converge somehow –Easterly waves that form over Africa Most hurricanes can be traced to this location of origination Has been found that during wetter years for Africa, more waves grow into hurricanes –ITCZ convergence creates low pressure regions of circulation –Convergence may occur along a pre-existing atmospheric disturbance like a front that has moved to the tropics from mid-latitudes

5. Formation Theories Energy for hurricanes is the direct transfer of sensible and latent heat from warm ocean water into the atmosphere Organized Convection Theory –Storm will strengthen as long as divergence aloft is quicker than convergence towards the center at the surface –Main fuel is temperature of water and release of latent heat Heat Engine Theory –Heat is taken in at a higher temp, converted to work, and is then released at a lower temperature

6. Stages of Development Tropical Disturbance (tropical wave)‏ –Formation of a group of thunderstorms with slight wind circulation, typically in association with a group of waves Tropical Depression –When winds exceed 20 knots –Beginning of formation of a closed low pressure center –Appear on satellite as a cluster of thunderstorms –Will be assigned a number (“Tropical Depression One”)‏ Disturbance Depression

7. Stages of Development Tropical Storm –Winds exceed 35 knots –Central pressure drops –On satellite imagery, more organized, circular shape –Storm gets a name Hurricane –Winds exceed 64 knots (74 mph)‏ –Surface pressure continues to drop –On satellite imagery, well- defined cyclonic rotation around center, with observation of an eye Tropical Storm Hurricane

8. Stages of Development

9. Structure of Hurricanes

10. Eye: area of broken clouds and light winds in the center of the hurricane –Coriolis deflects converging winds around the center –Convection in eye wall warms the air due to LH release Produces slightly higher pressures aloft which initiates downward motion within eye Eye wall: ring of intense thunderstorms adjacent to the eye –Location of heaviest rains and strongest winds Spiral rain bands: clouds align themselves into spiraling bands that swirl towards the center Aircraft flying inside the eye

11. Structure of Hurricanes Surface –Inflow of moist, tropical air rises, condenses, releases LH –Rising motion creates center of low pressure –Produces cyclonic rotation Aloft –Air diverges, producing anti-cyclonic rotation –As outflow reaches edges of storm, it sinks and warms creating clear skies

12. Structure of Hurricanes

13. Saffir-Simpson Scale 19+Less than 920156+5 13-18944-920131-1554 9-12964-945111-1303 6-8979-96596-1102 3-5Greater than 98074-951 Storm surge (ft)‏ Minimum surface pressure (mb)‏ Max sustained wind speed (mph)‏ Saffir-Simpson Category

14. Number of hurricanes (by category) that made landfall along the US coastline from 1900-2007

15. Movement Easterly winds steer N. Pacific and N. Atlantic hurricanes –Gradually they swing poleward around the subtropical high and become caught in westerly flow This drives them to the north or northeast However, the actual path of a hurricane varies A hurricane moving northward over Atlantic will survive longer than its counterpart (a typhoon) in the eastern pacific –Atlantic water is warmer

16. Winds When a hurricane is approaching from the east, its highest winds are usually on its north Why? –Winds that push the storm along add to the winds on the north side and subtract from the winds on the south side These high winds also generate large waves - storm surge

17. Storm Surge Storm surge has historically brought 90% of the death and destruction during hurricanes, and is the primary reason that coastal areas are evacuated as storms approach Winds push water onshore - can add to normal tides and create waves over 10 feet Strongest where storm motion and winds are in the same direction (on the right side)‏ Gradually sloped coastlines are inundated by surge waters moving onshore, though steeper coastlines will cause breaking waves

18. Dissipation Since the main driver of hurricanes is warm ocean water, if the hurricane moves over colder water, then the storm will dissipate Therefore, a hurricane that makes landfall will begin to dissipate –May cause flooding once they move over land

19. Damage Storm surge Wind damage Tornadoes Flooding Power outages Destroy houses Injuries & deaths

20. Before

21. After

22. Damage

23. Top 20 Costliest Hurricanes (US)‏

24. Most Intense Hurricanes to Strike US from 1900-2007

25. Naming Hurricanes Starting in 1979, hurricane names began alternating between female and male names –Use English, Spanish, and French names too Once a storm has caused great damage and it becomes infamous as a Category 3 or higher, its name is retired for at least 10 years