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Chapter 10 Food, Soil & Pest Management
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Food Sources Cropland – 77% –30,000 plant species –Wheat, rice & corn Rangeland – 16% –Beef, pork, sheep & poultry –Products such as milk, eggs & cheese Oceanic fisheries – 7% –Fish & shellfish
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Major Types of Food Production Industrial agriculture –Use of fossil fuels, fertilizers & pesticides Plantation agriculture –Tropical countries, mostly for export –Cash crop like bananas, cocoa, coffee, etc. Traditional agriculture (42% world uses this form) –Subsistence agricultural – enough plants & animals to sustain self & family (human labor) –Intensive agricultural – enough for family and for sale
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Green Revolution Increase yield/unit area of cropland Develop & plant monocultures of selectively bred or genetically engineered –First green revolution (’50-’70’s) High yields by large inputs of fertilizers, pesticides & water –Produce more food on less land (1967) Increase number of crops/year on a plot by multiple cropping (8% of world oil)
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Soil Erosion Desertification – –Productive potential of dry lands falls by 10% –Human activities that reduce or degrade topsoil Salinization Waterlogging
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International Agencies UN Food & Agricultural Organization - (FAO) World Health Organization - (WHO) United Nations Children's Fund - (UNICEF)
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Malnutrition 1 out of every 6 people in developing countries suffer from malnutrition 9 million people died last year due to malnutrition related death –Malnutrition & starvation –Infectious disease from poor drinking water –Poor health condition
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Life-saving Programs Immunization Encourage breast feeding Prevent dehydration Provide Vitamin A to prevent blindness Provide family planning measures Educate on health & sanitary methods
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Over-nutrition Overweight - 10 to 30 lbs. above healthy body weight Obese – 30 lbs. over healthy body weight Caused by: –Too many calories –Too little exercise –Genetic disorders Prone to disease, lower life expectancy & lower productivity
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The Meat We Eat High quality protein Overgrazing can limit livestock & destroy the environment –Riparian – rich land along the stream beds 65-75% of wildlife in the US depend solely on riparian habitats 80% of riparian are damaged by livestock Most of the rangeland in the US is out west
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Slaughterhouses Meat is general sent to US inspected slaughterhouses Mad Cow Disease Vitamins & antibiotics are accumulated in tissues and organs Pesticides & toxins accumulate in the fat of animals
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Harvesting Fish Fish-farms – cages Trawling nets Long-line fishing with hooks Drift netting Purse seine fishing
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Overfishing & Habitat Degradation Fish are a renewable resource Sustainable yield = amount withdrawn from the habitat + amount reproduced Too little breed stock Non-target species are caught and killed or used for chum
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Genetic Engineering Phase 1 – modify the gene & grow in tissue culture Phase 2 – make transgenic cells & inject into plant cells Phase 3 – grow plants to harvest
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Aquaculture 33% of the worlds fish harvest is from aquaculture Fish-ranching - holding species captive for growth & releasing them to spawn Fish-farming – grown in captivity with fish meal as their food source –Fresh water - ponds - salmon –Salt water - coastal lagoons – shrimp
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Government Control Keep food prices artificially low Give subsides to farmers to keep them in business and increase food production One philosophy is to remove controls and let farmers & fishing industry respond to market trends
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Pesticides Chemical used to control infestation of food crops –Insecticides –Herbicides –Fungicides –Nematocides –Rodenticides
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SUSTAINABILITY How can we stabilize our food to become more sustainable?
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Biodiversity www.bhutanabbot.com/aboutbhutan.php
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