1. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 1 Environmental Auditing

2. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 2 Environmental Auditing Is a management tool with the aim of helping to safeguard environment. Is a method of examination of environmental information about the project activities. Is useful to assess the project implementation against the requirement derived from EIA.

3. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 3 Environmental auditing Is a part of ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) ISO14000 family of standard is emphasis on environmental management to take a more pro-active approach to provide a practical toolbox to assist in the implementation of actions supportive to sustainable development.

4. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 4 Objectives of environmental audit Meeting the requirement of ISO14001 Improving environmental regulation Achieving the goals of environmental policy saving money Continuous environmental improvement identifying potential environmental problems and impacts

5. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 5 Checking environmental management system (EMS) to be maintained deciding to do business with a supplier ensuring the quality of sampling and monitoring meeting contractual requirements improving the public perception the organisation improving management and employee awareness

6. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 6 Types of Environmental Auditing 1. Internal audits –an in-house evaluation of the adequacy of controls to ensure regulatory compliance 2. Cross audits –Usually an audit for a supplier by a customer 3. External audits –an independent entity (third party) will do auditing

7. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 7 3 stages of environmental audit 1. Pre-audit stage –following TOR –obtaining background data 2. Audit stage –observation of what is happening and discussion with operational personnel –It normally takes 1-10 days to complete. –If the sampling is necessary it will take 1- several weeks.

8. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 8 3. Post-audit stage –Audit report is completed. –It is submitted to the auditee and the client for comments.

9. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 9 Characteristics of audit report Confidential Based on traceable evidence Complete with the inclusion of adequate support for the finding

10. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 10 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

11. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 11 Life-cycle Assessment is a procedure for assessing policy analysis based on environmental implication of options and decisions.

12. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 12 is a tool to help us decide between alternative plans, policies, designs for products/services is a means of assessing the effects of a business’s products, as well as the raw materials and components purchased from suppliers.

13. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 13 LCALCA –are not currently required by legislation, nor are they always available for investigation by the public.

14. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 14 Concept of LCA Developed from the need to take ‘a holistic view’ of a project or activity, but with particular emphasis on industrial activity

15. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 15 LCA takes the concept of “cradle to grave”

16. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 16 Why do life cycle assessment? Minimise the magnitude of pollution Conserve non-renewable resources Conserve biological systems Develop and utilise the cleaner technology Maximise and recycling the raw materials and waste Apply the most appropriate pollution prevention and/or abatement technologies

17. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 17 Aspects of LCA 1. LCA is a management approach for reducing the impact of a product, package, or activity upon physical protection of: human health ecosystem health resource consumption

18. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 18 2. LCA is the eco-balance approach involved in –eco-labeling product –eco-marketing of product –design of new products –investment & purchasing decision –determining future development strategies –design environmental policy instruments

19. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 19 10 Golden Guidelines for Ecodesign: 1. Do not design products, but life cyclesDo not design products, but life cycles 2.Natural materials are not always betterNatural materials are not always better 3.Energy consumption: often underestimatedEnergy consumption: often underestimated 4. Increase product life timeIncrease product life time 5. Do not design products, but servicesDo not design products, but services 6. Use a minimum of materialUse a minimum of material 7.Use recycled materialsUse recycled materials 8. Make your product recyclableMake your product recyclable 9.Ask stupid questionsAsk stupid questions 10. Become an O2 member!Become an O2 member!

20. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 20 Environmentally sound materials do not exist, but environmentally friendly products and services do. Life cycle thinking helps a designer to develop these. How is LCA used?? By manufacturer!! Product development Product improvement Product comparison

21. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 21

22. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 22 Stages in LCA 1. Goals and scope of study –includes identification of the system boundary, subsystem involved and input & output of materials and energy 2. Inventory stage –quantifies input-output flow (inputs to system and waste produced) materials, energy, wastes, emission and product

23. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 23 3. Impact assessment stage –assesses the resource consumption and environmental impacts 4. Improvement assessment stage –identifies the potential improvement to have less environmental impacts throughout the whole life-cycle of product/service

24. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 24 Key Steps of a Life Cycle Impact Assessment: The following steps comprise a life cycle impact assessment. 1.Selection and Definition of Impact Categories - identifying relevant environmental impact categories (e.g., global warming, acidification, terrestrial toxicity). 2.Classification - assigning LCI results to the impact categories (e.g., classifying CO2 emissions to global warming). 3.Characterization - modeling LCI impacts within impact categories using science-based conversion factors. (e.g., modeling the potential impact of CO2 and methane on global warming).

25. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 25 4. Normalization - expressing potential impacts in ways that can be compared (e.g. comparing the global warming impact of CO2 and methane for the two options). 5. Grouping - sorting or ranking the indicators (e.g. sorting the indicators by location: local, regional, and global). 6. Weighting - emphasizing the most important potential impacts. 7. Evaluating and Reporting LCA Results - gaining a better understanding of the reliability of the LCA results.

26. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 26 Impact Categories: The following is a list of several impact categories and endpoints that identify the impacts.

27. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 27 Global Impacts: 1.Global Warming - polar melt, soil moisture loss, longer seasons, forest loss/change, and change in wind and ocean patterns. 2.Ozone Depletion - increased ultraviolet radiation. 3.Resource Depletion - decreased resources for future generations.

28. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 28 Regional Impacts: 1.Photochemical Smog - "smog," decreased visibility, eye irritation, respiratory tract and lung irritation, and vegetation damage. 2.Acidification - building corrosion, water body acidification, vegetation effects, and soil effects.

29. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 29 Local Impacts: 1.Human Health - increased morbidity and mortality. 2.Terrestrial Toxicity - decreased production and biodiversity and decreased wildlife for hunting or viewing. 3.Aquatic Toxicity - decreased aquatic plant and insect production and biodiversity and decreased commercial or recreational fishing. 4.Land Use - loss of terrestrial habitat for wildlife and decreased landfill space.

30. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 30

31. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 31 Emissio n Quantit y (kg) Greenh ouse Ozone layer depletion Human toxicity Acidific ation CO21.792x 1--- CO 0.0006 70 --x 0.012- NOx 0.0010 91 --x 0.78x 0.7 SO2 0.0009 87 --x 1.2x 1 Effect score s: 1.792 00.002040.0017

32. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 32 In the comparison between paper and polyethylene (LDPE) the calculated effect scores can be displayed as a graph. The highest calculated effect score is scaled to 100%. This means the materials can only be compared per effect.

33. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 33 The length of the columns actually represents the seriousness of the effects. This makes it possible to add the columns to calculate a final result. The weighted scores can be added for a final judgment. The graph above clearly shows a preference for paper

34. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 34 Example of LCA Life-Cycle Design = LCA –a similar concept to ‘eco-design’ –emphasis on the design phase of product development

35. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 35

36. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 36

37. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 37

38. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 38

39. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 39

40. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 40

41. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 41

42. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 42 Benefit of LCA Example in Sweden: –The links between LCA & Environmental policy –Energy & materials consumption and pollution emissions assist to achieve the environmental policy goals

43. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 43 Problems of LCA There is a low awareness of LCA in government and industry. Lack of relevant, local, inventory data The cost of preparing LCA Difficulty of environmental impact comparison based on ecosystem health (different responses, values, etc.)

44. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 44 ISO14000 ISO14000 = International Organisation for Standards (aim to develop environmental management system(EMS)

45. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 45 LCA v.s. ISO 14040 LCA has been under development in 4 standards of ISO 14040-43 ISO 14040: Environmental Management - Life-cycle Assessment (in 1998):- Principle and Framework –provides the general requirements for conducting and reporting and LCA (no description of technique in detail)

46. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 46 ISO 14041 Environmental management - Life- Cycle Assessment - Goal and scope definition and inventory analysis –methodology for performing life- cycle inventories –reporting their results

47. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 47 ISO 14042 Environmental management - Life- Cycle Assessment - Life-cycle impact assessment –Principle and procedure for understanding –Evaluating the size of environmental impacts identified in LCA studies

48. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 48 ISO 14043 Environmental management - Life-Cycle Assessment - Life- cycle interpretation –provide a systematic approach for interpreting the information generated by inventory analysis and impact assessment of a system

49. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 49 Davy (1997) notes that “ a concern for some government has been whether the ISO14000 standards represent a trade barrier under world trade organisation (WTO)” ??????????????????

50. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 50

51. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 51

52. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 52

53. EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 53