1. Sudeep Perumbakkam Oregon State University

2. What is remediation?  Hazardous waste is everywhere.  It comes from paints, motor oil, hair spray, household cleaners, automotive chemicals, and all kinds of toxic medical, industrial and military products.

4. INCINERATION- Texas 1999

5. COST OF INCINERATION

6. BIOREMEDIATION Bioremediation is a complete, safe and natural process of cleaning up organic contaminants through the use of microbes.

7. TYPES OF REMEDIATION

9. IDEA

10. Agricultural solution to keeping ranges open

11. TNT Contamination problem

12. Pilot Greenhouse Study Fescue in sand, loam and clay Plants are treated with a solution of 14 C-TNT Treated plants were removed from the soil  7 days after dosing. SandLoamClay Sand Loam Clay

13. Cuttings of foliage from grass grown in soil treated with 14 C-TNT SandLoamClaySandLoamClaySandLoamClay 11 days after treatment with 14 C-TNT 27 days after treatment with 14 C-TNT 47 days after treatment with 14 C-TNT

14. Cuttings of foliage from grass grown in soil treated with 14 C-TNT (continued) SandLoamClaySandLoamClay 69 days after treatment with 14 C-TNT 89 days after treatment with 14 C-TNT

15. Approximate excretion of 14 C-TNT in sheep Liver Kidney Muscle Fat Body tissues: 17-19% Urine: 6-8% Feces: 75% Liver Kidney Muscle Fat Body tissues: 17-19% Urine: 6-8% Feces: 75% Liver Kidney Muscle Fat Body tissues: 17-19% Urine: 6-8% Feces: 75% Liver Kidney Muscle Fat Body tissues: 17-19% Urine: 6-8% Feces: 75% Liver Kidney Muscle Fat Body tissues: 17-19% Urine: 6-8% Feces: 75%

16. Sheep – ruminant model

17. Anaerobic transformation of 2,4,6-TNT by bovine ruminal microbes T.J. Fleischmann et al. (2004) Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 314:957–963 Proposed Transformation Pathway of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by Rumen Microbes Under Anaerobic Conditions