1. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Prisons and Jails CHAPTER 11

2. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Prisons Today Approximately 1,500 state prisons 84 federal prisons 470 state and federal prisoners per 100,000 population On January 1, 2002, state and federal prisons held 1,406,031 inmates. Slightly more than 6.6% of those imprisoned were women. Numbers and Types of Prisons

3. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Prison Population of the United States

4. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Prisons Today Whites - 941 incarcerated per 100,000 white males in their late 20s. Blacks - 7,901 incarcerated per 100,000 black males in their late 20s. Race

5. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Prison Population and Capacity in the U.S.

6. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Prisons Today State Level 49% sentenced for violent crime. 20% sentenced for property crime. 21% sentenced for drug crime. Federal Level 61% sentenced for drug law violations. Types of Crimes

7. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Prisons Today low level of formal education socially disadvantaged background lack of significant vocational skills (most) served time in a juvenile facility Inmates

8. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 State Prison Systems

9. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Security Levels maximum medium minimum Prisons Today

10. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Maximum high fences/walls of concrete barriers between living area and outer perimeter —electric perimeters —laser motion detectors —electronic and pneumatic locking systems —metal detectors —X-ray machines —television surveillance Prisons Today

11. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Maximum thick walls secure cells gun towers armed guards radio communication between staff Prisons Today

12. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Medium Similar in design to maximum security facilities, however, they allow prisoners more freedom. In them prisoners can usually: associate with other prisoners go to the prison yard use exercise room/equipment visit the library take showers and use bathroom facilities with less supervision Prisons Today

13. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Medium While individual cells predominate, dormitory style housing is sometimes used. Cells and living quarters tend to have more windows. These facilities tend to have barbed wire fences instead of large stone walls. Prisons Today

14. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Medium “Count” The process of counting inmates during the course of a day. Times are random, and all business stops until the count is verified. Prisons Today

15. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Rates of Imprisonment in the United States Source: Paige M. Harrison and Allen J. Beck, Prisoners in 2001 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2002).

16. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Minimum Housing tends to be dormitory style, and prisoners usually have freedom of movement within the facility. Work is done under general supervision only. Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist. Fences, if they exist, are low and sometimes unlocked. “Counts” are usually not taken. Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their own clothes. Prisons Today

17. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The Federal Prison System

18. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Federal Prison System 1895 - Leavenworth, Kansas - First non- military federal prison opens. 1906 - Second federal prison opens in Atlanta. 1927 - Alderson, West Virginia - First federal prison for women. 1933 - Springfield, Missouri - Medical Center for federal prisoners. 1934 - Alcatraz begins operations. History

19. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Federal Correctional Facilities Source: U.S. Department of Justice

20. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Security Levels administrative maximum (ADMAX) high security medium security low security minimum security administrative facility Federal Prison System

21. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Federal Prison System ADMAX mean ultra-maximum security. Only federal ADMAX prison is in Florence, Colorado. The 575 bed facility opened in 1995. Administrative Maximum (ADMAX)

22. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Federal Prison System Dangerous prisoners are confined to cells 23 hours per day & not allowed to associate with one another. Only toughest 1% of federal prison population is confined there. ADMAX holds mob bosses, spies, terrorists murderers, escape artists, etc. Administrative Maximum (ADMAX)

23. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Federal Prison System armed perimeter patrols intense electronic surveillance designed to prevent escapes and contain disturbances holds 10% of federal prison population 8 facilities Examples: Atlanta, GA Lewisburg, PA Terre Haute, IN Leavenworth, KS High Security (U.S. Penitentiaries)

24. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Federal Prison System double chain link fence electronic monitoring of grounds 23% of federal prison population 26 facilities examples: Terminal Island, CA Lompoc, CA Seagoville, TX Medium Security (Federal Correctional Institutions)

25. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Federal Prison System surrounded by double chain link fence vehicle patrols of perimeter holds 28% of federal prison population 17 facilities Low Security

26. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Federal Prison System essentially honor-type camps barrack style housing no fences holds 35% of federal prison population 55 facilities examples: Elgin Air Force Base, FL Maxwell Air Force Base, AL Minimum Security (Federal Prison Camps)

27. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Federal Prison System institutions with special missions most are Metropolitan Detention Centers (MDCs) generally located in large cities, close to federal courthouses hold inmates awaiting trial 5 Medical Centers for Federal Prisoners (MCFP) Administrative Facility

28. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Jails

29. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 original purpose - Short-term confinement of suspects following arrest and awaiting trial. current use - Jails hold those convicted of misdemeanors and some felonies, as well as holding suspects following arrest and awaiting trial. Jails

30. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Jails 631,240 men are held in jails. 69,000 women are held in jails. 7,613 juveniles are held in jails. 58% are pre-trial detainees or involved in some phase of the trial process. 22% have been charged with a drug offense. Statistics - 2002

31. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Jails 3,365 jails in the U.S. 207,600 correctional officers 2.9/1 inmate/staff ratio $14,500 average cost to keep a person in jail for a year Profile

32. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Jails 20,000,000 people are admitted annually to jail. most jails are designed to house 50 prisoners or less. 6% of all jails hold over 50% of all prisoners. Largest “mega-jails” are in Los Angeles, NYC, Chicago, Arizona, and Harris County, Texas. Profile

33. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Causes of Jail Deaths in the U.S. Source: U.S. Department of Justice

34. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Current Issues for Prisons

35. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Women comprise only 11% of the country’s jail population. They face a number of special problems, including: Women and Jail

36. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 4% of female inmates are pregnant when they come to jail not all jails fully separate men and women substance abuse is high Women and Jail

37. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Women make up 22% of the correctional force in jails across the nation. But many jails have no female correctional personnel on staff. Women and Jail

38. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 end of 1980s - Jails were overcrowded. Court ordered caps put on population. 2000 - Jail capacity increased, and occupancy was at 92% of rated capacity. Growth of Jails

39. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 new jail management strategy - direct supervision system of pods or modular self-contained housing areas open environment “new generation” jails Growth of Jails

40. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 adding critical programs for inmates increasing jail industries use of citizen volunteers jail “boot camps” Future of Jails

41. CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 States use private prisons to: reduce overcrowding lower operating expenses avoid lawsuits Private Prisons