2. Some Causes leading to Revolution Money and Taxes Population Living Conditions Social and Legal Rights Wars Support for the American Revolutionary War Weak Economy

3. The Three Estates (Three Levels of Society) The First Estate--- the clergy The Second Estate--- the nobility The Third Estate--- the commons

4. The French Monarchy: 1775 - 1793 Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI

5. Marie Antoinette’s “Peasant Cottage”

7. The Necklace Scandal Y Cardinal Louis René Édouard de Rohan Y The Countess de LaMotte 1,600,000 livres [$100 million today]

8. Let Them Eat Cake! Y Marie Antoinette NEVER said that! Y “Madame Deficit” Y “The Austrian Whore”

9. Three Estates

10. The French Urban Poor

11. Urban Commoner’s Budget: Urban Commoner’s Budget: – Food 80% – Rent 25% – Tithe 10% – Taxes 35% – Clothing 20% – TOTAL 170% King’s Budget: King’s Budget: – Interest 50% – Army 25% – Versailles 25% – Coronation 10% – Loans 25% – Admin. 25% – TOTAL 160% Financial Problems in France, 1789

12. French Budget, 1774

13. Where is the tax money?

14. Ancien Regime Map, 1789

15. Population A leading cause of social stress in France during the Revolution was its large population. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, France had 20 million people living within its borders, a number equal to nearly 20 percent of the population of non-Russian Europe. Over the course of the century, that number increased by another 8 to 10 million, as epidemic disease and acute food shortages diminished and mortality declined.

16. This increase in population led to massive unemployment Unsanitary living conditions in the larger urban centres Unsafe traveling on the roads due to robbers and highwaymen Desperate to raise money King Louis XVI recalled the Estates- General

17. Convening the Estates General May, 1789 Last time it was called into session was 1614!

18. although limited in power, the Estates-General did have the right to approve or veto any new taxes or increases in taxes for the previous 175 years, the absolute monarchs of France had been able to avoid calling the Estates- General by extracting money from overseas colonies and other sources now, faced with an economic crisis, the king was forced to take this radical step in the hope that the Estates-General would agree to increase taxes in exchange for some minor political and constitutional reforms his desperate gamble would prove to be the death of the French monarchy

19. Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate The Suggested Voting Pattern: Voting by Estates 1 1 1

20. Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate The Number of Representatives in the Estates General: Vote by Head! 300 648

21. Europe on the Eve of the French Revolution

22. “The Tennis Court Oath” by Jacques Louis David June 20, 1789

23. Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789

24. The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt July 20, 1789

25. March of the Women, October 5-6, 1789 We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy!

26. National Constituent Assembly 1789 - 1791 August Decrees August 4-11, 1789 (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!) Liberté! Egalité! Fraternité!  Equality & Meritocracy

27. The Tricolor (1789) The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris. Citizen! Citizen!

28. The Tricolor is the Fashion!

29. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen August 26, 1789 - The equality of all men, the sovereignty of the people and the inalienable rights of the individual to liberty, property, security and reistance to oppression

30. 83 Revolutionary Departments February 26, 1790

31. Planting the Tree of Liberty 1790

32. The Confiscation of Church Lands 1790

33. Assignats  Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.

34. Depreciation of the Assignat fThey were backed by the sale of Church lands.

35. The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government YThe king got the “suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years]. * he could not pass laws. * his ministers were responsible for their own actions. YA permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly. * had the power to grant taxation. YAn independent judiciary. Y“Active” Citizen [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] vs. “Passive” Citizen. YA newly elected LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.

36. Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791

37. Marie Antoinette and the Royal Children

38. Bibliographic Resources « “Hist210—Europe in the Age of Revolutions.” http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/ chron/rch5.htm http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/ chron/rch5.htm http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/ chron/rch5.htm « “Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Exploring the French Revolution.” http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/ http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/ « Matthews, Andrew. Revolution and Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849. Cambridge University Press, 2001. « “The Napoleonic Guide.” http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm