1. Media Theory: Postmodernism
Metanarratives
Intertextuality
Bricolage
Pastiche
Hyper-reality
Simularcrum

2. Why and what is Postmodernism?
Postmodernism is a useful theory for analysis of fragmentary or the contradictory nature of many contemporary media texts that you encounter in relation to the cultural context of the text’s production; the visual style of the text and the inter-relationship between media texts.

3. Essentially Post Modernism rests on some definable characteristics:
Postmodernism is a difficult theory to ‘pin down’ as it’s meaning is so often confused and changed! (just like New Media discussions and debates!)
Essentially Post Modernism rests on some definable characteristics:
The decline of party politics and trade unionism (think 80s UK)
The collapse of communism and a belief in the ability of government to centrally plan societies
Insecurity and uncertainty
Media-saturated society with instantaneous communication
An emphasis on difference rather than uniformity
Increasing emphasis on the importance of style and the visual

4. In a postmodern culture there is a greater sense of ‘anything goes’, with audiences constructing their own meanings from a range of cultural and media artefacts.
It has been suggested that it is increasingly more difficult to produce original media texts, hence the focus on reproducing previous work.
E.G. Alfie (2004) is a remake of the 1966 British film of the same name.
HOW MANY OTHER REMAKES ARE THERE?
WHERE ELSE DO WE SEE REPETITION RATHER THAN ORIGINALITY?

5. Are we over analysing society?
Lyotard (1984) has suggested that in a post-modern period, over-arching theories or explanations of the world or metanarratives, such as Marxism, capitalism, religion and science have been debunked, leading to greater instability in society.
Over-arching explanations of society sometimes referred to as grand narratives.

6. A pick-a-mix society?
Post-modernism suggests that are a fractured society with the possibility for different meanings and ‘anything goes’ because we lack the once oppressive and unchallengeable political and social directions.
We are in a media saturated World, individuals can channel hop between TV programmes or click between internet sites, while listening to a range of music from an ipod, or seemingly on the same device with the ipad.
As a result different media and film products are being produced, which merge and blend across previously clear boundaries of taste, style and genre.

7. How do we recognise Postmodernism in texts then?
Intertextuality (1)
Bricolage (2)
Merging of genres, styles and media
An emphasis on image and style rather than narrative and meaning
Elements that draw attention to the construction of the media text
Playful and ironic elements
A mixing of elements of ‘high’ or ‘elite’ culture within popular culture
Fragmentation
Diversity of representations and viewpoints
Pastiche (3) and parody
When a media text uses elements or references from other media texts
The process of creating a media text out of a series of artefacts, styles and signs from other media texts or cultural artefacts
A creation of a media text out of elements of, or with reference to other media texts in a mocking or caricatured way

8. There are a range of areas in the media where a post-modern style is easily recognised:
DVD boxed sets, which package DVDs on the making of films along with the actual film, drawing attention to how the film was constructed
In the cross over between films and advertising, not only in terms of product placement in films, but also adverts that feature film stars, are shot on lavish film sets and incorporate the visual style of various films.

9. Postmodernism & Baudrillard (1983)
Argued that we live in an era of hyper-reality, whereby the daily world and the world of the media are merging and media texts seem more real than reality they seek to convey.
Refers to the fact that the distinction between the real world and the media world is disappearing

10. In our world media merely represents other media, it is a simulacrum
In our world media merely represents other media, it is a simulacrum. (Headcases ITV 2008, Spitting Image ITV )
A media text that makes no attempt to represent reality and merely represents other representations.

11. Simulacrum can also work through the representations of places
Simulacrum can also work through the representations of places. Places can be represented in relation to other media texts rather than any real experience that the audience might have of a place (Think red phone boxes for a British representation in the US/a man wearing a tweed coat with a bow-tie!)

12. Structural theory + Postmodernism in Moulin Rouge
Opera style La Boheme (High culture) and pop-video fragmented visual style
Postmodernism
Structural theory