1. Migration waves during the 19th century: A Comparison Between the Migration waves from Germany to Russia and from Ireland to America with a spot on the current return movement

2. Reasons for Emigrating from Ireland to America the Irish Potato Famine (1845 – 1849) it’s aftermath, lasting until 1851 high unemployment as a result of reformation of the agricultural law http://www.jessajune.com/photos/2002/ireland/ireland216.jpg

3. Effects on Ireland and America IRELAND: between 1.5 – 2 million people emigrated less people to feed / relatively low unemployment rate USA: lots of unemployed people  cheap workforces more farmers, catholic priests, etc. enriched holiday calendar: St. Patrick’s Day

4. Map of Irish Population in America during the 19th Century http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/irish_pop_1872.jpg

5. The Return Movement of the Irish there isn’t a real return movement to Ireland thousands are leaving the Green Island annually in 2002 more than 60,000 people immigrated 11,634 asylum seekers in 2004 a law that gave everyone born on Irish soil Irish nationality was changed by plebiscite

6. Reasons for Emigrating from Germany to Russia Manifesto of the Russian Empress Catherine II subsidies for raising a company (cheap workers) free practicing of religion exemption of joining the army exemption of paying taxes for at least ten years not enough space to grow enough crops to feed a family http://www.library.yale.edu/slavic/coins/images/portraits/Catherine2.jpg Rev. Samuel G.C. Cloeter had idea of founding settlements as refuges for Christians during “end times”

7. Effects on Germany and Russia RUSSIA: more skilled farmers for cultivating for new regions German entrepreneurs empowered Russian economy Russian farmers in competition with German farmers nomads felt endangered and robbed of their land GERMANY: more space for other farmers fewer soldiers for following wars loss of craftsmen and “wealthy” people

8. German Settlements in Russia during the 19th Century

9. The Return Movement of the Germans from Russia started in 1980’s until 1990 most of them were religious refugees after fall of the Iron Curtain 1.6 million German Russians returned to Germany they thought life in Germany would be better

10. History of the Families Sütterlin and Albach I he moved to “Gnadenburg” at the age of 22 in the summer of 1890 worked there as a carpenter 1914: he had six children, three others died early exported queen bees to Germany and the US, ran a farm and a carpenters shop was deported to work camp north of Moscow (railroad worker) was released in 1918 returned to Germany with a part of his children Paul Sütterlin

11. History of the Families Sütterlin and Albach II Soviets closed down the borders in 1929 was deported to Siberia and probably died there (his father was executed at the age of 72) people of Gnadenburg were brought to a kolkhoz in Kazakhstan my grandmother married and they moved to Nowokusnezk returned to Germany in June 1990 Ernst Sütterlin

12. The Caucasus Region - Impressions

13. For More Information... Click: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_minority_in_Russia_and_Soviet_Union en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Potato_Famine_%281845-1849%29 www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?id=260 Read: Schnurr, J. (Eds.). Die Kirchen und das religiöse Leben der Russlanddeutschen. Evangelischer Teil. (pp. 432-436). Stuttgart: AER Verlag Or ask: my grandparents